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The Heart :<3: (Anatomy of the Heart (Pericardium: three layers;…

- - - - right: receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava. The coronary sinus also drains into the right atrium.
      - left: receives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins.
    - - right: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (pulmonary circulation)
      - left: has thicker wall because it needs to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. (systemic circulation)
  - - - contraction of ventricles force these valves shut. Chordae tendinae prevents them from being forced into the atria.
    - - contraction of the ventricles open these valves to allow blood to flow. Ventricular relaxation closes these valves.
  - - - attached inferiorly to the diaphragm and superiorly to the base of the great arterial trunk.
    - - simple squamous epithelium, underlying layer of areolar connective tissue
    - - simple squamous epithelium, underlying layer of areolar connective tissue
  - - - right coronary artery branches off into the right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery.
      - left coronary artery branches off into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery.
    - - great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein.
        
        all coronary veins drain into the coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium via cardiac sinus.
- - - - intercalated discs help propagate electric stimulation
  - - - sodium ions enter the cardiac cell changing the resting membrane potential from -90mV to 30mV.
    - - the simultaneous efflux of potassium and influx of calcium prevent repolarization of the cell.
        
        this allows the cardiac muscle to contract and relax before being stimulated again.
    - - as potassium ions continue to leave the cell, the resting membrane potential of -90mV is reestablished.
        
        this allows the a muscle cell to propagate a new action potential when the cardiac muscle is stimulated again.
- - - - atrial depolarization begins in the SA node.
    - - the atria are simultaneously repolarizing, ventricular depolarization emits a stronger electrical current. Making this repolarization.
  - - - time required to transmit an action potential through the entire conduction system.
    - - time required for the action potential to occur within the ventricles.
- - - - include sympathetic nerve stimulation and some types of hormonal stimulation.
        
        thyroid hormone, caffeine, norepinephrine, epinephrine.
    - - involves parasympathetic innervation.
        
        beta blockers, used to treat HTN.
  - - - formation of additional crossbridges increase contraction force.
    - - an increase in either potassium or hydrogen acts negative inotropic agents.
        
        calcium channel blockers are used to treat HTN.
- - - - AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed
    - - All valves are closed
    - - AV valves are closed. Pressure from ventricular contraction opens up the semilunar valves.
    - - Semilunar valves close because the ventricles are not pushing blood against it any more.
        
        Some blood remains in the ventricles. (ESV)
    - - AV valves open to allow passive filling of the ventricular chambers