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Organ on a chip (Cell sources (Lung (Human alveolar basal epithelial,…

- - - - hydrophobic - requires surface coating for cell growth
      - Permeabilitty - will absorb small molecules, gas permeable
      - Non Degradable
  - - - Protein based - Collagen
        
        Triple helix structure of peptide chains
        
        low antigenicity
        
        degradable
        
        enhance mech props using crosslinking
        
        Possesses cell adhesion domains - increases adhesion sites
        
        Used structural material for vasculature
        
        Study cell migration
        
        guiding neural network formation
      - Protein based - Gelatin
        
        single stranded protein
        
        extracted from collagen
        
        Less antigenic
        
        Easily forms gel
        
        Gelatin mathacryloyl - polymerized using UV, tunable stiffness
        
        Uses are similar to collagen
      - Protein Based - Fibrin
        
        fibrous protein, composed of fibrinogen monomers
        
        cell encapsulation
        
        delivery matrix
        
        component of ECM
      - Protein Based Hyaluronic Acid
        
        Glycosaminoglycan hydrogel
        
        makes up ECM
        
        connective and neural tissues
        
        Cell proliferation migration, inflammation and wound healing
        
        inhibits pro inflammatory response in body
        
        fibers, microspheres and membranes
        
        limited use in chip models
      - Polysaccharide Based
        
        Chitosan
        
        linear polysaccharide
        
        biodegradable, biocompatible, flexible and porous
        
        can respond to light, pH, temp, ionic concentration
        
        Alginate
        
        polysaccharide block copolymer
        
        derived from algae and seaweed
        
        low cost, low toxicity
        
        gel
        
        unpredictable degradation, lack of cell binding
        
        can be used as bioink
    - - need chemical modification
        
        No cell adhesion sites
        
        laminin
        
        fibronectin
        
        arginylglycylaspartic acid peptides
      - Polyesters
        
        PLA
        
        PLGA
      - Hydrogels
      - references 56-135
      - Polyethylene glycol
        
        can be chemically functionalized
        
        peptide attachment
        
        combination with other materials
- - - - Unmodified frm tissue
      - functionality easily altered
      - need very relevant microenvironment
      - challenging to maintain
      - Difficult to obtain
      - Possess variability
    - - cells with blocked telomere function
      - may not exhibit functions similar to original tissue
    - - Embryonic
        
        pluripotent
        
        derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst
        
        low yield of cell types, immature phenotypes
      - Adult SC
      - iPSC
        
        Takahashi and Yamanaka using retroviral vectors
        
        first formed using skin fibroblasts
        
        genomic instability
        
        low reprogramming op
        
        oncogenic possibility
- - - - incorporation of electrodes into SU8 Mesh, in-situ measurement
    - - ECM - cell interaction
      - cell - cell interaction
      - ion, nutrient exchange
      - oxygen gradient contol
      - Spatio temporal cues
      - Does cell culture environment have to change over time?
- - - - analyte concentration and wavelenght
      - some analytes are optically active
      - waveguides, fiber optics etc