Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Challenges of an Urbanising World Topic 3, GCSE Geography (Definitions…

- - - - 1997: 285 cities (106 in HIC and 179 in LIC)
      - 2015: >500 cities
      - 1950: 83 cities
  - - - 1980: Most in HICs
      - 2015: Only 25% in HICs
  - - - An unofficial economy, with no records or taxes.
    - - An official economy, with records and taxes.
  - - - Urban to rural.
    - - Returning back to urban.
    - - Outward growth.
  - - - Former industrial areas that have been developed before and then abandoned.
    - - Areas of land never developed, usually agricultural or amenity lands. Being considered for development.
- - - - Increase by 316000 between 2010 and 2014
      - 8.5m in 2015
    - - Decline in population after deindustrialisation
      - $1 houses because the city is bankrupt
    - - Capital of Uganda.
      - Internal Migration.
      - Natural Increase.
      - Factors
        
        Push
        
        Lack of investment
        
        Lack of services
        
        Lack of opportunites
        
        Low pay
        
        Rural poverty
        
        Drought and flooding
        
        Pull
        
        Better opporunities
        
        Growth in jobs
        
        Better quality of life
        
        Better services
        
        Better housing
        
        Better paid jobs
        
        Growing buisness (a new TNC employs 2000 people).
  - - - Informal
        
        Half of their GDP.
        
        US$33bn a year.
        
        80% of the workforce.
        
        Poor women and children workers.
        
        Most workers are subsistance farmers.
      - Formal
        
        Slowly growing.
        
        Manufacturing
        
        5% of the population.
        
        Services
        
        Banks
        
        Offices
        
        Air Uganda
        
        Government offices
    - - Informal
        
        75% of workers
        
        50% of India's GDP
        
        US$3.6 trillion
        
        Food Stalls
      - Formal
        
        78% of New Delhi's GDP in services
        
        Manufacturing contributes 20% of N.D. GDP
      - 39th Wealthiest Country in 2011!
    - - Informal
        
        7% of US GDP
        
        US$1 trillion.
        
        2 groups of people
        
        Both legal and illegal migrants
        
        Self-employed workers
        
        Types
        
        Construction
        
        Street Selling
        
        Cleaning
      - Formal
        
        10% is manufacturing
        
        Knowledge economy
        
        2014: Financial companies provide 10% of NYCs employment.
  - - - Ellis Island
      - 50m migrants during 20th century
      - Massive change
        
        1800: 60,000
        
        1860: 860,000
    - - Suburbanisation
        
        Extensive subway and rail expansion
        
        Road bridges
        
        Freeways
      - Counter-urbanisation
        
        Between 1950-80, NY lost 12% of population
        
        White second gen migrants move out (known as 'white flight')
        
        Factors
        
        Push
        
        Crowded housing
        
        Congestions
        
        Poor schools and services
        
        Pollution
        
        Declining jobs
        
        High land rents
        
        Fears for safety
        
        No greenfield sites
        
        Pull
        
        Safer neighbourhoods
        
        Low density, single family housing
        
        More open spaces
        
        Better schools and services
        
        Large shopping centres
        
        Accessible
        
        Cheaper land for larger properties
      - Re-urbanisation
        
        Since 1980, 3 changes have made people return...
        
        Knowledge economy has created employment
        
        Docks and industries closed made space for regeneration. New offices and apartments on brownfield sites
        
        'Zero tolerance' towards crime
  - - - Megacity
      - State of Maharashtra
      - Classed as Alpha
      - Hyper-urbanisation
    - - India's 2nd largest port
      - 10km long waterfront
      - Shorter shipping times to Europe
      - 9hrs by flight to the UK
      - Close to other world cities in Asia
    - - Built around harbour, not CBD
      - Industrial areas have moved away from the port
      - Housing location varies on your class
    - - Rural-urban migration
        
        Move because of pull factors
        
        More jobs
        
        Better education facilities
        
        Entertainment options
        
        Higher incomes
      - Natural increase
        
        1.4% per year - 1/2 of Mumbai's annual growth
    - - Rag picking :red_cross:
      - Cash in hand :check:
      - Slums :red_cross:
      - Cheap and affordable :check:
      - Population: 800 000 - 1 000 000
      - Population Density: 330 000 per km2
      - People per home: 13-17 :red_cross:
      - People per toilet: 625 :red_cross:
      - Recycling :check:
    - - Housing shortages
      - Slums still develop
      - Squatter settlements
      - Water supply
      - No waste disposal system
      - Pollution
        
        Water
        
        Visual
        
        Air
        
        Noise
      - Facts about challenges
        
        Long Working Hours :silhouette:
        
        Recycling industry's worth US$1.5m and employs 10,000 people :non-potable_water:
        
        Charging high road tax on old vehicles :traffic_light:
        
        Overcrowding :house:
        
        Dangerous working conditions :silhouette:
        
        Deaths are caused be passengers crossing tracks :traffic_light:
        
        Scrap material used for buildings :house: :non-potable_water:
        
        Rapid urbanisation = uncontrolled water pollution. Factories use Mithi River to dump untreated waste :non-potable_water:
        
        800m tonnes untreated sewage goes into the river every day :non-potable_water:
        
        Little is spent on India's infrastructure :house: :silhouette: :non-potable_water: :traffic_light:
        
        In some slums, water only runs for 30m a day: :non-potable_water:
        
        No contract signed :silhouette:
        
        Increase in squatter settlement :house:
        
        Low wages :silhouette:
        
        3500 people every year die on Mumbai's railway :traffic_light:
        
        Lack of funding for housing :house:
        
        Improve transport system :traffic_light:
        
        2015: an air index was created :traffic_light:
        
        Few tax collectors :silhouette:
        
        60% of Mumbai's pop uses communal taps :non-potable_water:
        
        Child labour :silhouette:
        
        High rental costs :house:
        
        80% of waste is recycled :non-potable_water:
        
        Slums :house:
        
        Overcrowded transport link :traffic_light:
        
        Low benzene petrol :traffic_light:
        
        Check fuel tampering :traffic_light:
- - - - Characteristics
        
        Older 19th century in the inner city
        
        More recent industries in the rural-urban fringe
        
        Close to transport links
      - How these areas develop
        
        Away from the CBD
        
        Newer ones are built on 'industrial estates'
        
        They are reliant on transportation routes
    - - Characteristics
        
        Usually in the CBD and inner city
        
        Oldest properties are closer to the centre
        
        Can differ from one part of the city to another
        
        Housing variations
        
        19th century: terraced
        
        20th century: semi-detached & detached (are further out)
        
        21st century: apartments (inner city) and large housing estates(suburbs)
      - How these areas develop
        
        Cheap land because it's away from commercial areas
        
        Grow in rings - oldest is closer to the city and newer is in the outskirts
        
        Expensive land closer to the city so terraces and flats are common
        
        Cheap land further away means houses can have gardens
        
        Why variations?
        
        21st century: Preference to build in browfield sites than greenfield on the edge of the city
        
        20th century: Cheap land further away, so it housed gardens
        
        19th century: Built at high densities to cater for factory workers
    - - Characteristic
        
        In the CBD
        
        Taller than in the rest of the city
        
        Higher density - few open spaces
        
        'Low rise' business and retail parks in the rural-urban fringe
      - How these areas develop
        
        Most accesible part of the city
        
        Demand for the land is highest = forces prices up
        
        Land is expensive so used to the fullest
        
        Allowed to be near main roads so there's no need to go into the city
  - - - Who's building?
      - Worth it?
      - Ability to gain profit
      - What will be built?
    - - Height
      - Pollution
      - Objections
      - Environmental Allowances
    - - Transport links
      - Avaliability
      - Allowed on green space
- - - - Built 1m low cost homes
      - Improve infrastructure
      - Reducing pollution
    - - 200 000 people moved
      - 45 000 homes demolished
      - Sewage established for new homes
      - 72 new trains
      - New measures for better air quality
      - Negatives...
        
        Higher rent
        
        14 storey apartments broke communities
        
        Water quality is still worsening
        
        Beaches are unsafe
        
        Rapidly growing slums
  - - - Lok Seva Sangam
      - Set up in 1976 to control Leprosy
      - Surveys communities
      - Sets up dermatology clinics
      - Runs pharmacies
      - Runs kindergartens
    - - Education (SET)
        
        Surveys TB and Leprosy cases
        
        Educates people about symptoms
        
        Treats people
      - Community
        
        Exhibitions
        
        Talks in community
        
        Street theatre
        
        Sanitation
        
        Vermiculture
        
        Activities to fundraise
      - Health
        
        Lowered Leprosy patients by curing 75%
        
        Treats tuberculosis (TB)
        
        Hires full time staff