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Animal Nutrition (Minerals (EX of Minerals: (Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Iodine…

- - - - Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid
    - - Minerals are inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure
- - - - Monomer: Monosacrides - Ex - Glucose
    - - Monomer: Amino Acids
    - - Monomer: (Not true monomers) - Fatty acids & Glycerol
    - - Monomer: Nucleotides
  - - - Eats fish but no meat
    - - No animal products so no protein (No dairy, milk, eggs, fish)
    - - No meat / No fish
- - - - B vitamins (act as co enzymes) & vitamin C (production of connective tissues)
      - Excess is excreted through urine
    - - Vitamin A (incorporated into visual pigments of the eye) & vitamin D (aids in calcium absorption & bone formation)
      - Excess are deposited in body fat which could lead to accumulation to toxic levels
- - - - Deformities
      - Disease
      - Death
    - - Most common
      - A diet that dosn't provide 1 or more essential amino acids
  - - - 1) The body uses up stored carbs & fat
      - 2) Then begins breaking down its own protein for fuel
      - 3) Muscles begin to decrease in size & the brain may become protein deficient
      - 4) If energy intake remains less than energy expenditures, the animal will die eventually
- - - - Filter Feeders
    - - Gasrovascular cavity (Gut)
    - - Gasrovasular cavity (Gut)
    - - Through gut (One opening for each end)
    - - Digestive tube (Kinda like through gut)
    - - Through gut
    - - Through gut
    - - Through gut
    - - Digestive tubes like intestines,
  - - - Crunches food
      - Physical digestion takes place here
      - Saliva initiates chemical digestion
      - Amylase hydrolyzes starch
      - After food is chewed, tongue movements manipulate the mixture of food & saliva into a shaped ball called the bolus
    - - moves food - stomach
      - Once food enters the esophagus, peristaltic (alternating waves of contraction & relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal) of smooth muscle move each bolus to the stomach
    - - Breaks down proteins by denaturing them
      - Chemical digestion takes place here
    - - Bile is found here to emulsify fats to be absorbed & pancreatic enzymes to break down polymers into monomers & then you can absorb the food
      - Absorption occurs here
      - Over 20 feet long in humans
      - Large folds in the lining encircle the intestine & are stubbed w/finger like projections called VILLI
      - Each epithelial cell of a villus has on its apical surface many microscopic projections called MICROVILLI
    - - Turns liquefied food into solid waste so you don't dehydrate every time you go to the bath room
    - - The throat region opens up to 2 pathways - the trachea & esophagus. The trachea leads - lungs whereas the esophagus connects to the stomach
    - - Aids in chemical digestion by making alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate (Neutralizes the acidity of chyme & acts like a buffer)
    - - Digestion of fats & lipids begins in the small intestines & relies on the production of bile (A mixture of substances that is made in the liver)
      - Bile contains salts that act as emulsifiers (detergents) that aid in digestion & absorption of lipids.
      - Bile is stored in the gallbladder