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Unit Seven (Chapter 49: Mythical Impressions: Program Music at the End of…

- - - - 1894
      - symphonic poem
      - medium
        
        orchestra
        
        2 harps
        
        flue
        
        oboes
        
        English horn
        
        clarinets
        
        French horns
        
        antique cymbals
      - A-B-A'
      - homophoinc
- - - - lead to singing
        
        monophonic
        
        part song
        
        separate musical lines are combined into a harmonious whole
        
        Renaissance
        
        pros played for nobles
        
        amateurs made music in their homes
        
        a capella
        
        instrumental
        
        most prosperous homes had a lute or a keyboard instrument
        
        voice and instruments
        
        girls proper education
        
        music studies
        
        to a lesser degree for boys
        
        led to prominent musical roles for women
        
        Italy 1500's
        
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        poetry and music
        
        French chanson
        
        outgrowth of medieval version
        
        Italian madrigal
        
        word-painting
        
        making the music directly represent the meaning of the words
        
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        a madrigalism
        
        the most important secular genre of the 1500's
        
        flourished in the Italian courts
        
        favorite diversion of cultivated amateurs
        
        text
        
        consisted of short poems
        
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        often includes emotional words
        
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        popular topics
        
        love
        
        unsatisfied love
        
        humor
        
        satire
        
        politics
        
        city/country life
        
        original intent (c. 1525-1550) was for fun
        
        to be played by amateurs
        
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        Jacques Arcadelt (c. 1507-1568)
        
        from present day Belgium
        
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        influenced the development of the Italian Madrigal
        
        first madrigal publications were issued while he was in Rome
        
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        style
        
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        text of madrigals
        
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        English madrigal
        
        adapted Italian madrigal
        
        some composers followed the late Italian model
        
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        new humorous madrigal types were cultivated
        
        John Farmer (c. 1570-1603)
        
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        moved to London
        
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  - - - "The White and Sweet Swan"
      - huge hit
        
        intended for amateur performers
      - composer delivers words clearly
        
        mostly homophonic
        
        subtle moments of word painting
        
        emphasizing some words with melismas
        
        emphasizing some words with chromaticism
        
        offers different levels of meaning
        
        literally
        
        swans singing
        
        ancient belief that they did this before death
        
        metaphorically
        
        about sex
      - 1538, Renaissance
      - A cappella
      - mostly homophonic
        
        top voice melody
        
        other voices provide harmonic support
        
        all voices sing the text in unison
        
        very last line is set in imitation
      - Ten-line poem by Alfonso d'Avalos
      - through composed
  - - - tells of a shepherdess
        
        Phyllis
        
        being pursued by her lover
        
        Amyntas
        
        happy conclusion
      - fun to listen to
        
        more fun to "tell"
        
        i.e. sing
        
        which is the point
      - four voices
        
        SATB
        
        a cappella
      - 1599
      - texture
        
        polyphoinc
        
        homorhuthmic
        
        monophonic
      - six-line poem
        
        ababcc
- - - - the music carries the subtle intensity of a song
        
        a paradox
        
        we focus on the words but if they were said and not said they would not be as impactful
      - sometimes
        
        simple music elements
        
        rely on complex melodies, timbres and textures
      - art song
        
        called the Lied
        
        Lieder for plural
        
        German-texted solo song
        
        generally with piano accompaniment
        
        prominent composers
        
        Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
        
        composed more than six-hundred Liedeer
        
        most songs were payed in intimate settings
        
        friends' and sponsors' homes
        
        also wrote dances and chamber works for these
        
        some of his songs were in concert halls
        
        Elfking
        
        style
        
        gift for melodic writing and subtle interactions
        
        marks the confluence of the Classical and Romantic eras
        
        symphonies and chamber music are classical
        
        songs are wholly Romantic
        
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        born in Vienna
        
        educated at the Imperial Chapel
        
        sang in the Vienna Boy's Choir
        
        which later became famous
        
        father wanted him to be a teacher
        
        became a composer
        
        joined a group of writers, artists, and musicians that put on concerts
        
        called Schuberitads
        
        a prodigy
        
        wrote Elfking and others when he was still a teenager
        
        had financial troubles
        
        sold his music for cheap
        
        had trouble finding an instrumental publisher
        
        also had syphilis
        
        died at 31
        
        buried near Beethoven
        
        whom he worshiped
        
        dying wish
        
        Schumann's
        
        Robert (1810-1856)
        
        born in Zwickau, Germany
        
        studied law at the University of Leipzig and at Heidelberg
        
        ambition to become a pianist and study with Friedrich Wieck
        
        injured right hand
        
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        created many of his most important piano pieces while still in his twenties
        
        established Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
        
        "The New Journal of Music"
        
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        courted Clara Wieck throughout the 1830's
        
        Friedrich's daughter
        
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        foremost interpreter of Robert's music
        
        increasingly became withdrawn and hallucinatory
        
        threw himself into the Rhine River
        
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        style
        
        impassioned melodies
        
        driving rhythms
        
        four symphonies
        
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        songs
        
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        Clara Wieck
        
        Johannes Brahms
        
        Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
        
        words are either written for it or vice versus
        
        other way was especially popular
        
        prominent poets
        
        Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
        
        Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)
        
        both favored short lyric poems
        
        a group of lieder that are unified by a narrative thread or descriptive theme
        
        used by
        
        Schubert
        
        Schumann
        
        two main structures
        
        strophic form
        
        through composed
        
        plus an in-between
        
        modified strophic
      - existed throughout the ages
  - - - text
        
        Goethe
        
        father and sick child are riding through a forest on a windy night
        
        based on the idea that who ever touches the king of the elves must die
        
        narrative ballad
      - eerie atmosphere
        
        first established by the piano
      - bass
        
        galloping triplets heard against a rumbling figure
        
        suggests
        
        hoof-beats
        
        child's rumbling heart
        
        pervades the song
        
        unifies it
      - four characters
        
        all sung by one soloist
        
        differentiated by differences in melody, register, harmony and rhythm
        
        narrator
        
        father
        
        rounded vocals sung in a low register
        
        child
        
        clashing dissonance suggests fear
        
        elf
        
        suavely melodious phrases set in a major key
      - through composed
        
        steady rise in tension and pitch
      - solo voice with piano accompaniment
      - 1815, early Romantic
  - - - song cycle
      - sixteen songs to poems by Heinrich Heine
      - 1840, mid-Romantic
      - first song
        
        Lovely Month of May
        
        two strophes
        
        first strophe
        
        piano introduction
        
        wistful mood
        
        evokes the fragility of a new love
        
        lacks final resolution
        
        leaves us wondering
        
        harmonics meander between two keys
        
        voice and piano
        
        lyric poem
        
        homophonic
      - no real narrative
        
        psychological progression
        
        <- freshness of love
        
        <- growing disappointment
        
        complete despair
- - - - began in renaissance
      - central to lavish festivals
      - central to theatrical entertainments presented to kings and dukes
      - staged dancing
        
        ballet de cour
        
        France
        
        Louise XIV took part in one
        
        intermedio
        
        Italy
        
        masque
        
        England
      - 18th century
        
        rise of ballet as an independent art form
        
        first French
        
        then Russian
        
        Marius Petipa
        
        arrived at France in 1847
        
        caused the transition
        
        over 100 works
        
        invented the structure of the classic pas de deux
        
        (dance for two)
        
        brought staged ballet to unprecedented heights
        
        choreographer at St. Petersburg
        
        Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)
        
        THE ballet guy
        
        son of a Russian born government official
        
        entered the Conservatory of St. Petersburg when 23
        
        immediately recommended for a teaching position at the new Moscow Conservatory, by the director of the school
        
        12 years at Moscow saw some of his most productive works
        
        was gay
        
        the stigman attatched to this may have lead him to marry a student
        
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        extremely sensitive
        
        subject to attacks of depression
        
        Nadezhda von Meck supported him financially
        
        wealthy widow of an industrialist
        
        1877
        
        most productive period of his career
        
        made sure she never met him
        
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        first Russian whose music appealed to Westerners
        
        performed in
        
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        died age 53
        
        several weeks after Pathétique Symphony
        
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        declared "I am Russian through and through"
        
        although influenced by
        
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  - - - takes place during Christmas time
      - two kids
        
        receive a nutcracker from their godfather
        
        Clara
        
        after they go to bed, returns to look at the gift
        
        falls asleep
        
        dreams that mice are fought off by her dolls
        
        climaxes with the battle between the nutcracker and the mouse kind
        
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        Fritz
    - - in Confiturembourg
        
        the land of sweets
      - prince presents Clara to her family
        
        celebration
        
        dances
        
        accompanied by colorful instruments
        
        celesta
        
        Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, Trepak
        
        medium
        
        Large orchestra
        
        celesta
        
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        tambourine
        
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        Ternary
- - - - invited famous artists to paint scenery
        
        Picasso
        
        Braque
      - commissioned three ballets
        
        catapulted by Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
        
        The Rite of Spring
        
        caused riots
        
        disrespect irritated Stravinsky
        
        but made him the darling of the advent-garde
        
        The Firebird
        
        Petrushka
        
        reflected several main currents in the 1900's
        
        ballets
        
        leader in the revitalization of rhythm in European art music
        
        considered one of the great orchestrators
        
        primitivism
        
        Russian
        
        studied composition with Nikolai RImsky-Korsakov
        
        music attracted the attention of Diaghilev
        
        when WWI happened
        
        took refuge in Switzerlan
        
        then France
        
        WWII
        
        moved to Los Angeles
        
        became an American citizen in 1945
        
        died in New York
  - - - 1913
      - Ballet
        
        often performed as a concert piece for orchestra
      - medium
        
        orchestra
      - introduction
        
        slow tempo
        
        played freely
        
        bassoon
        
        plays a disjunct melody
        
        high range
        
        accompanied by pizzicato strings
      - Dance of the Youths and Maidens
        
        second large section
        
        faster tempo
        
        folk song melodies
        
        dissonant chords
        
        irregular accents
      - Game of Abduction
        
        third section
        
        even faster tempo
        
        introduces a few more melodic ideas
        
        most featuring irregular accents
        
        most featuring dissonant chords