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Chapter 1 Cells (How cells produce new cells? (Interphase (S (DNA…

- - - - DNA replication > Formation of homologous pairs
    - - Increase in no. of organelles
        
        micro-tubules has began it's formation
        
        Begins to condense
        
        Still invisible under light microscope
    - - Smallest as it can ever be
  - - - Separated by contractile ring forming cleavage furrow > Seperates
    - - Building up of cell plate > Made of spindle fibers Ftz
- - - - Protect and maintain the angular/ regular shape
        
        Withstand high pressure due to influx of water
        
        Cell membrane may exert great pressure on it
    - - Bounded by a double membrane
        
        Consists of fluid stroma
        1) Provide surface area
        2) Contain enzyme and chemicals
        3) Contain thylakoid + Thylakoid > Granum [Absorption of light]
        = necessary for the process photosynthesis
      - Special features
        
        A kind of prokaryotic cell
        
        Contain own DNA
        
        Able to reproduce independently
        
        Believe to be taken in through in-folding of cells
    - - Plant store carbohydrate in the form of starch
    - - Filled with cell sap
        
        Provide a large surface area
        1) Dissolved substances
        2) Provide support when turgid
  - - - Bounded by a double membrane
        
        Inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        Cristae
        
        Consists semi-fluid substances known as MATRIX
        
        Consists of enzymes and chemicals
        
        Essential for the process RESPIRATION
    - - Control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
        
        Semi-isolation for process like DNA replication
    - - Flattened sac
        
        Cristernae
        
        1) Collection
        2) Packaging
        3) Modification
        4) Distribution
    - - Within plasma membrane
        
        Jelly-filled fluid
        
        1) Main site of chemical reaction
        2) Allow substances to be transported within the cell
    - - Extensive networks
        
        Extends throughout the cells
        
        Provide larger surface area for the
        1) Production
        2) Transporttion
        
        Rough E.R.
        
        Involved in the production and transportation of proteins
        
        Smooth E.R.
        
        1) Production of MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID + Cellular lipid
        2) Production of sex hormones
        
        Male > Testosterone
        
        Female > Oestrogen
        3)Transportation of lipid-based compound
    - - Contain a pair of centroiles at right angle
        
        Help guide chromosomes / sister chromatids to opposite poles for the separation of cells
    - - Membrane bounded sacs with dissolves substances and water
        
        Transparent under light microscope
    - - Composition
        1) Glycoprotein
        2) Collagen fiber
      - Function
        
        1) Enable coordination of cell actions within tissue
        
        2) Strength cell membrane
        
        3) Allow alternating of gene expression
        
        4) Allow cell-to-cell communication/ interaction
        
        5) Allow attachment between adjacent cells
    - - Features
        1) Bounded by a double membrane
        2) Spherical in shape
        
        Contains DNA > All information that is essential for the exists of cells
  - - - Hair-like growth for
        1) Joining of bacterial cells
        2) Prepare the transferal of DNA
    - - Hair like growth for mobility of cell
        (E.g. Sperm)
- - - - Energy required
        
        Active transport
        
        Carrier protein
        
        Polar substances
        
        Example - Sodium-potassium pump
        
        1) Binding of three intracellular sodium ions
        2) Binding action causes phosphorylation by ATP.
        
        One phosphate is lost during the process > Transferal of ATP to ADP
        3) Phosphorylation - causes the change in shape
        4) Causes the expelling of sodium ions to the exterior
        5)Two extracellular potassium than bind to the the exterior side
        6)The binding action causes the release of phosphate group
        7) Resume of original shape
        8) Causes the release of potassium ions into the intracellular space
      - No energy is required
        
        Passive transport
        
        Down a concentration gradient
        
        Simple diffusion
        
        Particles move from a higher concentration to a region of lower one
        
        Small + Non-polar
        
        Channel protein
        
        Facilitated transport
        
        Substrate induced transportation
      - For large molecules
        
        Phagocytosis
      - Osmosis
        
        Water across a deferentially permeable membrane
        
        From a region of higher water potential (Less solute) > Region of lower water potential (Many solutes)
        
        Types of solution
        
        Hypotonic
        
        Water moves out
        
        Isotonic
        
        Level of water leaves and enter the cell at the same rate
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Water moves in
    - - Cell membrane controls the movement in and out of the cell
        
        Surface area greatly affect the above transportation
        
        Affect the rate of the cells
        
        large membrane surface area allows more MATERIAL MOVELEMT
        
        Volume
        
        Affect the metabolism of cells
        
        Smaller cells require LESS ENERGY for sustainability essential function