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10 Types of Student Assessments (Diagnostic Definition: It is a form of…
10 Types of Student Assessments
Diagnostic
Definition: It is a form of pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students' individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction.
Purpose: It is primarily used to diagnose student difficulties and to guide lesson and curriculum planning.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-diagnostic-assessment-definition-examples.html
Advantages: Knowing the level the students are at allows for remediation or accelerated learning.
Disadvantages: It may not reveal an accurate picture of some students' knowledge, especially if it is timed.
This is designed primarily as an assessment for learning.
Example: pre-tests
Formative
Definition: It is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process.
Purpose: To modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formative_assessment#Examples
Advantages: Formative assessments have been shown to raise student achievement and awareness. Disadvantages: Students may not be able to properly self-assess in some situations and may not give accurate feedback.
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Example: Examples of formative assessments include such things as exit tickets, giving a thumbs up/thumbs down during lessons, multiple choice quizzes and student feedback given with popsicle sticks. The popsicle stick example came from a lesson on punctuation, and each stick had a punctuation mark attached to it, and students had to hold up the correct one when asked for end punctuation of a sentence.
Summative
Definition: It refers to the assessment of participants where the focus is on the outcome of a program. It usually involves a grade.
Purpose: These are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summative_assessment
Advantages: Students are compared to a standard or benchmark, so a teacher knows where a student falls in the big picture.
Disadvantages: Students who don't test well may not give an accurate picture of their knowledge.
Example: Midterm exams, finals, or a final project
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Performance-Based
Definition: This assessment measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study.
Purpose: Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/performance-based-assessment-reviewing-basics-patricia-hilliard
Advantages: Engaging for the student.
Disadvantages: Time consuming
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Example: Tasks can range from a simple constructed response (e.g., short answer) to a complex design proposal of a sustainable neighborhood
High-Stakes
Definition: A high-stakes test is any test used to make important decisions about students, educators, schools, or districts, most commonly for the purpose of accountability—i.e., the attempt by federal, state, or local government agencies and school administrators to ensure that students are enrolled in effective schools and being taught by effective teachers.
Purpose: In general, “high stakes” means that test scores are used to determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity), advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or bonuses for administrators and teachers).
http://edglossary.org/high-stakes-testing/
Advantages: It allows comparison of the performance of the student with others of his/her age and grade. It can also contribute to the identification of learning disabilities.
Disadvantages: Forces educators to “teach to the test”—i.e., to focus instruction on the topics that are most likely to be tested, or to spend valuable instructional time prepping students for tests rather than teaching them knowledge and skills that may be more important. It can promote a narrow academic program, can contribute to higher rates of cheating, and has been correlated in some research studies to increased failure rates.
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Example: Standardized tests
Portfolio
Definition: Portfolio assessment is an assessment form that learners do together with their teachers, and is an alternative to the classic classroom test. The portfolio contains samples of the learner's work and shows growth over time.
https://files.itslearning.com/help/en-us/content/courses/portfolio_assessment.htm?
Purpose: To evaluate student work.
Advantages: A portfolio can be an alternative to the classroom test. This allows for reflection as the student sees his work, which can be more beneficial than a test.
Disadvantages: A test would give quicker feedback to the teacher, and a portfolio would be more time-consuming.
Example: Samples of the student's work.
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Authentic
Definition: It is the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests.
Purpose: Authentic assessment can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_assessment
Advantages: It focuses on analytical skills, ability to integrate what they learn, creativity, and the ability to work collaboratively.
Disadvantages: Doesn't apply to a broad spectrum of content.
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning.
Example: Performance of skills, simulations and role plays, and studio portfolios. Specifically, it can include things such as science experiments, playing a musical instrument, and writing reports.
Self-Assessment
Definition: assessment or evaluation of oneself or one's actions and attitudes, in particular, of one's performance at a job or learning task considered in relation to an objective standard.
Purpose: Self-assessment is a valuable learning tool as well as part of an assessment process. Through self-assessment, students can: identify their own skill gaps, where their knowledge is weak. This method also pairs well with peer-assessment.
https://teachingcommons.stanford.edu/resources/teaching/evaluating-students/assessing-student-learning/student-self-assessment
Advantages: This process helps students stay involved and motivated and encourages self-reflection and responsibility for their learning.
Disadvantages: These can be similar to peer assessment, in that they may not correct or assess their own work correctly. This would have to be monitored by the teacher.
This is designed primarily as an assessment for learning.
Example: Can be a follow-up to peer-assessment. For example, after students exchange tests or worksheets and grade or give each other feedback, then papers can be returned and corrections can be made. This method can also save time.
Peer Assessment
Definition: Is a process whereby peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks.
Purpose: The practice is employed to save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_assessment
Advantages: Saves teacher's time, improves metacognition, gives faster feedback. They can see mistakes in their thinking to correct any future problems.
Disadvantages: It can be embarrassing for a student for a peer to know he/she has received a low grade. Also, students may miss unsatisfactory work that a teacher would catch.
This is designed primarily as an assessment of learning, but it is an educational process for the students.
Example: After a test, students can trade papers and then grade each other's papers. They can also give feedback to each other after presenting oral reports.
Student Needs
Definition: This is the gap between what is known and what needs to be known.
https://www.janssentherapeutics-grants.com/sites/all/themes/ttg/assets/Needs%20Assessment%20Guide.pdf
Purpose: All effective training begins with needs assessment. [This] measures what skills
individuals have, what they need, and how to deliver the right training at the right
time. – American Society of Training and Development
Example: Students fill out a form/survey and rate how their needs are being met.
http://wvde.state.wv.us/forms/counseling-assessment/?level=m
Advantages: Students are given a voice in their education and needs in other areas, such as their social and emotional needs.
Disadvantages: Students may not correctly identify needs for different reasons, one being they don't want anyone to know there are difficulties in the home.
This is designed primarily for learning and meeting needs.