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Literature: ST Definition (There is a lack of clarity or consensus…
Literature: ST Definition
There is a lack of clarity or consensus concerning the meaning or objectives of sustainable tourism (SHARPLEY 2000)
Sustainable tourism strategies in practive tend to focus almost exclusively on localised, relatively small scale development projects, rarely transcending local or regional boundaries, or on particular industry sectors. (SHARPLEY 2000)
Critique: (BUTLER 1999) argued that there is lack of specificity of human needs, time period to determine if human needs have been satisfactory met and uncertainties in situation where needs may be conflicting. Similarly, other authors argue that Sutstainable tourism tends to be defined as a single rather than a multi sectoral appraoch, emphasizing growth in order for viability to be maintained (WALL 1997)
(CARTER 1993) identifies three key objectives for sustainable tourism: meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long term: satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists: and safeguarding the natural environment in order to achieve both of the preceding aims.
The purpose of sustainable tourism is to make a balance between protecting the environment, maintaining cultural integrity, establishing social justice and promoting economic benefits, meeting the needs of thehost population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long term (LIU 2013) In both developed and ermerging nations (MITCHELL & HALL 2005, SWARBROOKE&HORNER 2004) while emphasising both intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity (LIU 2013) and in a form that can maintain its viability in an area for an indefinite period of time (BUTLER 1993,1999)
It is argued that sustainable tourism needs to be conceptualized in a more comprehensive way so as to appraise meaningfully and critically its interconnectedness with the natural, social and economic elements at multiple scales and time periods (FARRELL AND TWINNING WARD 2004, MCKERCHER 1999) Sustainable tourism therefore can be best contrued either as an adaptive paradigm (HUNTER 1997) or as adaptive mangement (FARRELL AND TWINNINGWARD 2004) which adresses issues of unpredictability of events, uncertainties about the outcome of events and complexities of scale and times. (LU 2009)
Sustainable tourism began life in part as a negative and reactive concept in response to the many issues that tourism had begun to create in the 1970s, issues ranging from enviroenmental damage to serious impacts on society and traditional cultures (BRAMWELL AND LANE 1993)
(CARTER 1993) identifies three key objectives for sustainable tourism: meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long term: satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists: and safeguarding the natural environment in order to achieve both of the preceding aims.
Most refer to the Tripple bottom line. Term dates to the mid 1990's when Account Ability used it in its work. Then it got public interest through the book of Elkington (1997).
Two main concepts TBL and Brundland are incompatible and not supplementatry. TBL three seperate spheres of sustainability, keeping balance is important. Brundland where the integrative aspects of the three is highlighted, however, under the condition that the task first of all is to secure long term ecological sustainability and support basic needs of the poor today and in the future. (HOYER)
The concept of sustainable tourism has emerged with the aim of reducing the negative effects of tourism activities, which has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development (SHARPLEY 2003)
It is important to differentiate between sustainable tourism as an innovative concept within the tourism industry and innovation within sustainable tourism research (BRAMWELL AND LANE 2012)
Sub themes (LU 2009) : local participation, energy and climate change, collaboration and partnership, technology, culture, tourist typology and implementation
Critique: (BUTLER 1999) argued that there is lack of specificity of human needs, time period to determine if human needs have been satisfactory met and uncertainties in situation where needs may be conflicting. Similarly, other authors argue that Sutstainable tourism tends to be defined as a single rather than a multi sectoral appraoch, emphasizing growth in order for viability to be maintained (WALL 1997)
Sustainable tourism began life in part as a negative and reactive concept in response to the many issues that tourism had begun to create in the 1970s, issues ranging from enviroenmental damage to serious impacts on society and traditional cultures (BRAMWELL AND LANE 1993)
Sustainable tourism requires both the sustainable growth of tourism contribution to the economy and society and the sustainable use of resources and environment. Neither can be achieved without a sound understanding and proper management of tourism demand. (LIU 2003)
The concept of sustainable tourism has emerged with the aim of reducing the negative effects of tourism activities, which has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development (SHARPLEY 2003)
Sustainable tourism should be consistent with the tenets of sustainable development (STABLER & GOODALL 1996: 170) However, there has been a consistent and fundamental failure to build a theoretical link between the concept of sustainable tourism and its parental paradigm, (LANFANT & GRABURN 1992)
Definitionsfall primarly within two categories: those which are tourism-centric (HUNTER 1995) focusing on sustaining tourism as an economic activity, and those which consider tourism as an element of wide sustainable development policies (CRONIN 1990) (SHARPLeY 2000)
Hoyer: a ladder of different elements that together constitute the full meaning. on top (1) satisfying the essential needs, (2) securing ecologic sustainability (HOYER 1997)
Similar to Hoyer: Lafferty and Langhelle: 2 key concepts (1) th econcept of needs in particular the essential needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding priority should be given. (2) the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organisation on the enviroenments ability to meet present and future needs. (1998)