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Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, The citric acid cycle (Citric acid cycle…

- - - - phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
    - - oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
  - - - ethanol
        
        in yeast and other m/o
        
        use catalyze: 1st pyruvate decarboxylase, 2nd alcohol dehydorgenase
        
        glucose +2Pi + 2ADP + 2H+ --> 2ethanol +2CO2 + 2ATP +2H2O
      - lactate
        
        cat: lactate dehydrogenase
        
        glucose +2Pi + 2ADP --> 2lactate +2CO2 + 2ATP +2H2O
  - - - phosphofructokinase is the most important control site in the mamalian glycolytic pathway
      - AMP competes with ATP for binding sites
      - the activity of the enzyme increases when the ATP/AMP ratio is lowered
    - - high conc. of glucose 6-phosphate signal that the cell no longer requires glucose for energy, and so no more glucose needs to be broken down
      - the inhibition of phosphofructokinase leads to the inhibition of hexokinase
- - - - glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, but the citric acid cycle takes place in MT
      - pyruvate get transported into MT
      - pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ --> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
  - - - oxaloacetate (4C) combines with acetyl CoA to yield citrate, a 6C compound in CoA
    - - a series of reactions that begins with a four-carbon molecule and ends with a four-carbon molecule