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Glucose Metabolism (Hydrolysis (carried out by specific digestive enzymes…

- - - - digests lactose
    - - digests sucrose
    - - digests maltose
    - - digests isomaltose
  - - - maltose and water is hydrolysed by maltase into 2 glucose molecules.
      - isomaltose is a dimer formed by
        "vertical" 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
  - - - iso / maltase
        
        iso/maltose → 2 glucose
      - sucrase
        
        sucrose → fructose + glucose
      - lactase
        
        lactose → galactose + glucose
- - - - active transport
        
        transport against a concentration
        gradient ─ required enery from ATP.
      - facilitative transport
        
        passage down a concentration gradient.
        
        transport via GLUT2 and SGLT1
        
        the glucose molecule is transported into the cell along with sodium via SGLT-mediated symport.
        
        once it enters the cell, glucose is transported out into the bloodstream via GLUT2-mediated facilitated transport down its gradient.
        
        once in circulation, glucose is taken up by tissues via other glucose transporters such as GLUT4 (muscle, adipose) and GLUT3 (brain)
  - - - fructose-1-P is then converted into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy-acetone-P by aldolase.
      - glyceraldehyde-3-P is further converted into pyruvate, then acetyl-CoA.
      - Acetyl-CoA is then broken down into CO₂ and fatty acids.
- - - - such as sucrose, lactose, and fructose.
    - - such as cellulose.
        
        usually undigestible by humans.
    - - such as α-amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen.
- - - - involved in the storage and mixing of food with gastric juices, slowly releasing chyme into intestine.
        
        secretes hydrochloric acid, which denatures fuel molecules ─ generated by a proton pump.
        
        the zymogenic protease pepsinogen is secreted for protein digestion.
        
        secretes a mucous layer that protects underlying epithelia.
    - - contains mucous amylase which starts the initial digestion of carbohydrates.
    - - slightly alkaline pH ─ pancreatic proteases stay as inactive zymogens.
      - secretes the majority of digestive enzymes indluding amylase, lipase, and many proteases.
        
        amylase is the primary enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion.
    - - involved in the synthesis of bile salts and acids important for lipid digestion which are further stored in the gallbladder.
    - - site of the final phase of digestion and absorption.
  - - - of bonds connecting monomer units in macromolecules.
    - - of products from the gut to be
        transported to parts of the body.