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Chapter 7: Interconnections between Acquisition & Retrieval; By: Jenny…
Chapter 7: Interconnections between Acquisition & Retrieval; By: Jenny Tran 10-22
Learning
putting info into LTM
prepares for retrieval
forms retrieval paths
connections between new info and what we already know
make new knowledge findable later
Context Dependent Learning
memories easier to recall if you're tested in the same conditions where you learned
Study
scuba divers
did best:
learned and tested underwater
learned and tested on land
College level articles
half read in quiet, half read in a noisy enviornment
did best:
learned and tested in quiet
learned and tested in noisy
Context Reinstatement
thinking about the setting helps recall info
thinking about the setting, participants did the same as the participants in that setting
Encoding specificity
principle that we learn the info itself + the context
study
participants asked to read sentence
man lifted the piano/ the man tuned the piano
told the participants to think about target word
what was recorded in the memory was the idea of the piano being heavy or a musical instrument
Parts of the memory network
nodes
knots in the fisherman's net
tied together via connections (associations)
Associative links
connections between nodes
how it can fire
nodes receive activation from neighbors
as more activation arrives at a node -> activation level for the node increases
eventually the activation level will reach the node's response threshold -> fires
Firing has several effects:
node becomes a source of activation -> send energy to neighbors and activates others (spreading activation)
summon attention to that node
if node has been activated recently -> "warmed up"
weaker input will be sufficient to bring node to threshold
Semantic Priming
happens when two word pairs are related in meaning
priming: specific prior event will produce a state of readiness later on
Tested
lexical decision tasks
respond yes if both strings were words
chair-bread vs house-fime
some words were semantically related: nurse-doctor
conclusion: responses were faster if the stimulus words were related
Source memory
no recollection of the source of your current knowledge
depends on connections
can have source memory without familiarity
Familiarity
distinct from source memory, independent from source memory
can have familiarity without source memory
stimulus easy to recognize
Memory
Explicit
specific info that you can produce from memory
requires searching of memory/associations
tested:
direct memory testing
need to come up with info on your own
Ex: Where were you last saturday?
depends heavily on memory connections
standard recognition tests
draw info from your memory
Ex: is this the man that robbed you?
depends on familiarity
Categories
Episodic
memory for specific events
Semantic
general knowledge
Implicit
relies on familiarity, may not have source memory
tested:
indirect memory tests
lexical decision tasks
word-stem completion
participants given 3-4 letters of a word beginning
cog-, mem-
people more likely to offer a specific word they encountered recently
false fame study
presented participants with a list of words, participants shown a new list of names and asked to rate each person on the list as how famous each was
immediate testing: name sounds familiar, but it was from previous list
24hr delay: may not recall seeing name on the list, forgot the source so people filled it in with a bogus source. Maybe I saw this person in a movie?
more likely to rate primed fake names as being famous
illusion of truth study
participants heard a series of statements, had to judge how interesting each statement was
then asked to rate credibility
sentences heard before are more likely to be accepted as true
familiarity increased credibility
Categories
procedural
know how to do something (riding a bike)
priming
changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience
perceptual learning
recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of an experience
Classical conditioning
learning about associations among stimuli
Amnesia
retrograde
disrupt memory prior to the initiated amnesia
Korsakoff Syndrome
new info lost forever
asked to name current president, would give name of presidents 2-3 decades ago
Claperede Study
hid pin in his hand and shook the hand of the patient
next day, reached out to shake hands and patient refused to shake hands
when asked why, stated that people sometimes have pins hidden in their hands but have no recollection of meeting the person the prior day
anterograde
disruption of memory after onset of amnesia
Patient HM
able to recall events taken place before surgery but no enduring record after surgery
could hold conversation until interrupted, won't be able to recall conversation or the person if interrupted
can have both!!
