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Mendelian Genetics (Extensions to expression (Penetrance: not all…

- - - - Blood types: ABO
  - - - Sickle cell: blood changes shape
        
        spleen damage
        
        clumping arteries
        
        destruction of cells (anemia)
      - cilia gene doesn't fuction
        
        respiratory/digestive issues
        
        immobile sperm
  - - - 2 genes in same pathway
      - 9:7 phenotypic ratio
        
        heterozygotes have SAME PHENOTYPE
    - - recessive epistasis:
        
        heterozygotes have DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES
        
        Bombay phenotype: hh gene masks ABO alleles so A/B/AB child looks O
      - dominant epistasis: dominant trait masks 1 or both of the traits
    - - 15:1 phenotypic ratio
- - - - affects 50% grandsons
  - - - less distance b/w genes on a c'some, less chance of being separated by cuts/recombinations. So, RF= gauge of physical distance b/w 2 genes (1% RF= 1 cM= 1 mu)
  - - - abberant crossovers
      - double strand breaks
        
        X-rays
    - - BIG EFFECT ON GENE DOSAGE
    - - homologs/sister chromatids
    - - no effect unless promoter is interrupted
    - - switching genes between NONHOMOLOGS