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Experimental Research Methods Steven M. Ross & Gary R. Morrison…
Experimental Research Methods Steven M. Ross & Gary R. Morrison
Traditional Approach=
Evaluate The Effects of Environmental Change (Treatment)
Little Attention to External Validity
Identify
Independent
&
Dependent
Variables
Establish
Control & Experimental Groups
Manipulate Independent Variable
on Experimental Group
Compare
Dependent Variable
Outcomes
of Groups
Determine Statistical Significance
to Evaluate Treatment
Ensure High Internal Validity
Experimental Methods in Educational Technology Research
Experimental Studies
Quasi-experimental
True Experimental
Single-Subject Time Series
Repeated Measures Time Series
Non-experimental (Descriptive Studies)
Stimulus Materials
Realistic Content
Actual Content
Contrived Content
Experimental Setting
Actual Setting
Realistic Setting
Contrived Setting
Experimental Designs
True Experiments
Repeated Measures
Quasi-experimental Designs
Pretesting to Establish Group Equivalence
Time Series Design
Ex Post Facto Design
No Manipulation of Variables
Pre-Selected Groups
Potential Internal Validity Threats
History
Maturation
Testing
Inconsistent Instrumentation
Statistical Regression
Experimental Mortality
Diffusion of Treatments
Dealing With Validity Threats
Testing: Eliminate Pretesting
History: Statistical Adjustment (Analysis of Covariance)
Maturation: Shorten the Treatment Period
Instrumentation: Reverse Pre and Post Tests for Half of Subjects
Alternative Form of Instruction
Add "Realistic" Nonsense Words
Statitical Analysis Procedures Used in Technology Research
t-test Independent Samples
2 Treatment Groups
t-test Dependent Samples
2 Treatment Means for a Group
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3 or More Treatment Means
Multivariate Analysis of Variance MMANOVA)
2 or More Treatment Group Means on 2 or More Learning Measures
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) or Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA)
Replicates ANOVA or MANOVA With Additional Variable
Pearson r
Relationship Between 2 Variables
Multiple Linear Regression
Relative Contribution of Each Independent Variable to Outcome Variability
Discriminant Analysis
Relationship Between Predictor Variables and Membership in Particular Groups
Chi-square Test of Independence
Relationship Between Two Nominal Variables
Contemporary Issues in Educational Technology Experimentation
Balancing Internal and External Validity
Assessing Multiple Outcomes in Technology Experiments
Item Responses vs. Aggregate Scores as Dependent Variables
Aggregating Achievement Results
Aggregating Attitude Results
Media Studies vs. Media Comparisons
Media Comparison Studies
Deduction: Test Hypotheses About Media Differences
Induction: Replicating Findings Across Media
