Opioids

opioids

--> include story about vietnam veterans as conditioned tolerance or whatever (see body and behavior notes!!)
--> in vietnam all took heroin but they were fine in US without it :3 !!

agonist to endorphine receptors, stimulating them, releasing endorphines ( also blocks dopamin reuptake and binds on dopamine receptors in NAc check rawing in book page 315)
--> reduces pain, stress
--> leads to euphoric state (5 to 15minutes)
-----> followed by 5 to 6 hours of all worries being forgotton and feeling great!

heroin most commonly abused form of opiates
--> fast onset

methadone:
--> longer onset but also lasts longer

Intoxication Symptoms:

  • leads to euphoric state (5 to 15minutes)
    • followed by 5 to6 hours of all worries being forgotton and feeling great !
  • slurred speech + drowsiness
  • overdose = coma

Withdrawal symptoms:

  • anxiety
  • restlessness
  • muscle aches
  • increased sensitivity to pain
  • renewed craving to the drug
  • fever (in more severe withdrawals)
  • nausea and vomiting
    ---> after 6 hours of injection ( peak is 1 to 3 days)

High association with criminality

Trivia

6000 year history
--> derived from opium poppy

collection only within few days of season
--> scraping unripe seedpod until substance leaks
----> this collected = raw opium

raw opium
--> only 10 % of it is morphine
--> even less codeine

morphine
--> 1806 extracted form opium
--> 10 times as potent as opium

heroin 1898
--> morphine with + 2 acetyl groups added
--> makes it cross blood brain barrier more easily
--> three times more potent than morphine


--> used during war --> dependence (except vietnam war cause conditioned tolerance!!!)

History

1500 BC Egypt

greek + rome

arabic world

16th century europe

1725 opium wars
--> smoking opium banned in china
--> east indian trading company smuggling
--> war china and britain

illegal supply

--> southeast / southwest asia

OPICAN study (2001 - 2005)

--> heroin use down
--> perscription opiates soaring
---> easier to get than heroin


--> prescription drugs = most misused / used opioids


--> vancouver + montreal highest heroin users
--> 2005 = canada most use of opioids in world

Types

Hydrocodone
--> vicodin

oxycodone
--> oxycontin
--> increased 230% between 2001 and 2005 #

opioid antagonist
--> nalaxan (flushes out opioid form receptors cause binds better)

natural opioids (neurotransmitters)

enkalaphin
--> nt in brain and adrenal

endorphin --> found in brain

codeine 1836

used as

--> pain relieve
--> intestinal disorders (diarrhea)
------> slows down intestine contractions = less diarrhea
--> cough medicine

positive + negative reinforcement
--> positive = feeling high
--> negative = removing pain, feeling bad, or withdrawal symptoms