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Depressants (History (Before barbiturates / benzodiazepines (Chloral…
Depressants
History
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Benzodiazepines
--> wider safety margin (safer to use ) than barbiturates
--> less physical dependence
--> overdoses = rare
--> reduce anxiety without inducing sleep
--> enhances gaba neuron activity
1970 Valium (Diazepam)
--> lower dose benzodiazepine
--> very long duration cause slow metabolism
--> way longer than barbiturates
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Nonbenodiazepine hypnotics
--> binds to GABA - alpha receptor
--> better as sleeping drug not good as anxielitic
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Nitrites
--> used to counter cyanide
- does so by increasing blood flow but reducing blood pressure
Alcohol
History
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Prohibition
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1918 All of canada prohibition !!
--> ppl still drank illegally in clubs or with medicine prescribed by doctors lol
--> organized crime rose (alcohol import)
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Trends in consumption
Mediterranean
--> alcohol associated with family dinners
--> 17 year olds 5 times less likely than northern Europe to report bing drunk (higher tolerance cause exposure ?? lol !! cant believe this isn't mentioned !!)
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Biology
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fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
--> prenatal exposure to supe high blood alcohol levels of mother
--> doesn't say anything about low levels of alc like safe or unsafe
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Depressants
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Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates
--> also known as "sedatives"
--> sold for treating anxiety + insomnia + antiseizure
--> in US prescribed before surgery 90% of times
same effect as alcohol
- Biphasic
- First positive/stimulant effects ( more confidence , relaxing
- then negative/depressant effects, (sluggish, negative emotions)
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DSM-5 classifies misuse as:
--> sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorders.
- cause decreases in:
- blood pressure
- respiratory rate
- and heart rate
- overdose can lead to:
- respiratory failure
- cardiovascular collapse
- ---> especially dangerous when combined with other depressants such as alcohol