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History of Biotechnology (Pre-20th Century Biotechnology (1663 - Robert…

- - - - 1838 - Schleiden and Schwann develop the first two tenants of the cell theory. Virchow adds the final tenant in 1858
        
        1863 - Gregor Mendel develops the first laws of inheritance
        
        1878 - Walther Flemming discovers chromatin ultimately leading to the discovery of chromosomes.
- - - - 7,000-6,000 BC - Humans start using fermentation to produce alcoholic beverages, cheese and bread
        
        3,000 BC - Ancient Egyptians start producing papyrus with the help of microorgansims from the Nile River.
        
        600 BC - Ancient Ukrainians discover that mouldy cheese could be used to treat infected wounds. Served as the first antibiotic
- - - - 1928 - Alexander Flemming discovers penicillin, the first modern antibiotic
        
        1953 - Rosalind Franklin creates X-ray images of DNA for the first time. Watson and Crick use this information to put together the first DNA structure model
        
        1965 - the green revolution begins when high-yield wheat varieties are planted in Mexico
        
        1972 - Cohen and Boyer perform the first recombinant DNA experiment using bacterial genes
        
        1978 - The first baby was born as a result of in vitro fertilization
        
        1982 - Synthetic insulin is developed and approved by the FDA. It is the first biotech drug to be approved.
        
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        Start of important Molecular Biology discoveries that continue throughout the 1970s and 80s
        
        This Green Revolution lasts from 1965 to 1970
- - - - 1989 - Rice is engineered to be immune to bacteria. Rice continues to be one of the more important genetically modified crops in Costa Rica
        
        1989 - Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute is formed, it works with the biotech industry to promote conservation and provide financial means for conservation projects.
        
        1990 - Costa Rica creates the National Technical Biosafety Commission (NTBC), which is in charge of all aspects related to the use of transgenic and genetically modified organisms for use in agriculture
        
        1991 - Costa Rica's Ministry of Agriculture approves Monsanto's first seed project. The company begins to plant soybeans and cotton
        
        1992 - INBio negotiates to give more than 6 million dollars in biorespecting agreements
        
        1997 - ITCR, a biotechnology investigation lab, is created
        
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        This continues until 1998
- - - - 2003 - The human genome project is completed. Scientists now have the location and sequence of every gene in the human body.
        
        2004 - The first viral pacemaker is placed in guinea pigs, it uses modified SAN heart genes.
        
        2010 - The first synthetic and self-replicating bacteria cell is created
        
        2012 - The CRISPR CAS 9 method is developed. It is not until 2016 that the first fungus engineered by CRISPR is approved by the U.S. Government
        
        2012 - Zac Vawter climbs the Willis Tower with a bionic leg, the leg is controlled by his nervous system.