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Causation (Legal Causation (Intervening Acts (Acts of the Victim (Roberts …
Causation
Legal Causation
De Minimis Principle
Pagett - Used GF as a human shield from police. Liable for murder as made minimal contribution to her death.
Cheshire - Shot V in stomach, but D died due to medical complications. Liable for murder as cause of death were connected to original injuries.
Intervening Acts
Acts of the Victim
Roberts - V jumps out of D's moving car due to sexual advancements. D not liable of ABH as V's actions were not foreseeable.
Williams and Davis - V jumped out D's moving car and dies. D not liable as lack of evidence (to say they were robbing V), therefore result was not foreseeable.
Holland - Injured V's finger in fight. Failed to seek medical help. Did not get arm amputated once infected and died. D liable of murder, despite self-neglect.
Act of a Third Party
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Smith - D stabbed someone. V was taken to hospital and dropped twice. Treatment was palpably wrong, but D was still liable for murder.
Malcherek - D stabbed his wife. She was placed on life support and her brain stem had died. Machine switched off. Liable for murder.
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Thin Skull Rule
Blaue - Jehovah's Witness' refusal of blood transfused after being stabbed did not break the chain of causation.
Factual Causation
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White - Poison's mothers drink, but she died of a heart attack. Liable for attempted murder.
Drug Supply Cases
Kennedy No 2 - D supplied and prepared heroin to V. V administered himself and died. On appeal, it was held D was not liable of manslaughter as V freely and voluntarily self-administered it. Only liable for supplying class A drug.