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Spontaneous Change and the Thermodynamics Thereof (Entropy of the universe…
Spontaneous Change and the Thermodynamics Thereof
Spontaneity
Non-spontaneous reaction requires external work in order to proceed forward. It can also be coupled with a spontaneous reaction to make the overall process move forward.
Spontaneous reaction does not require external work and proceeds forward on it's own
Entropy of the universe increases
Entropy is the measure of disorder in a system.
A gas will have a higher entropy than a liquid which will have a higher entropy than a solid
change in entropy: ^s = Qrev/T
The heat associated with entropy needs to be that of the reversible heat : Transition temperature
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Statistical Thermodynamics
Boltzmann Definition of Entropy: S=kln(W)
Macrostate: Overall observed state of the system
Microstate: different arrangement lead to same microstate
k=1.38x10^-23 J/K
Classical Thermodynamics
^S=qrev/T
Delta S for surroundings = - Delta H/T if pressure is constant
Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropies
A perfect crystal at 0K (Absolute zero) will have S=0 and W=1
Spontaneity: Matter and energy tend to disperse
Delta S= qrev/T
Gas expansion will lead to the entropy increasing
Gas compression will lead to the entropy decreasing
Matter and Energy tends to disperse
G=H-TS
Gibbs energy decreases in a spontaneous process
most stable state has the lowest Gibbs energy
As temperature increases the entropy of the system will likely increase as well.
As volume increases the entropy increases
Delta S = nRln (Vf/Vi)