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2.5 Hardware (Processor (Machine Cycle (four basic steps (Fetch (Control…

- - - - directs and
        coordinates most of the operations in the
        computer.
      - role like a traffic cop.
      - Interprets each instruction of a program, and
        then initiates the appropriate action to carry
        out the instruction.
    - - performs
        arithmetic, comparison and other operations
  - - - Fetch
        
        Control unit fetches the instruction
        and data from memory.
      - Decode
        
        Control unit interprets the
        instruction and sends the instruction and
        data to the ALU.
      - Execute
        
        ALU performs calculations on the
        data
      - Store
        
        The results of the calculations are
        stored in the memory.
- - - - RAM
  - - - ROM
      - flash memory
      - CMOS.
  - - - Memory chips that holds data or programs
        that are currently being used by the processor
      - Can be read from and written to by the
        processor
      - Volatile - loses its contents when the power is
        turned off.
      - Types
        
        DRAM (Dynamic RAM) - Chips must be reenergized
        constantly to keep their contents
        
        SRAM (Static RAM) - Do not have to be reenergized
        as often as DRAM chips, faster access time,
        more reliable but more expensive than DRAM.
        
        MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM) - Stores data
        using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges,
        greater storage capacity, consume less energy, faster
        access time, more expensive, and non-volatile
    - - Memory chips that stores permanent data or
        instructions needed by a computer or devices
      - Can be read from, but cannot be written to by
        the processor.
      - Non volatile – does not lose its contents when
        the power is turned off.
      - Types
        
        PROM (Programmable ROM) - A blank ROM chip
        which a programmer can write permanently; once
        written, the contents cannot be erased or changed.
        
        EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) -
        Allows the programmer to erase the contents by
        exposing to ultraviolet light
        
        EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable
        ROM) - Allows the programmer to erase the
        contents with an electric signal.
- - - - A slot on the motherboard that holds a
        processor chip
    - - Slots on the motherboard that hold memory
        modules
    - - Slots on the motherboard that hold adapter
        cards
      - also called expansion
        slots
      - Types
        
        PCI slot
        
        To connect devices such as network cards, sound
        cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial
        TV tuner cards and disk controllers.
        
        AGP slot
        
        designed to connect graphic adapters