step-parenting- man or women who marries or a in defacto relationship with a partner who has child or children from a previous relationship.

surrogacy- arrangement between a couple who cannot have a baby and a women gets pregnant on the couples behalf;the child is handed on to the couple after delivery

primary- a person who provides the most informal assistance, hep or supervision to a person with one or more disabilities or who is aged 60 years and over

informal- a person, such as a family member, friend or neighbour, giving regular, ongoing assistance to another person without payment. e.g. grandmother who cares for granddaughter.

ICSI- single sperm is injected directly into a egg inside the women Fallopian tubes

adoption- legal process where all rights and responsibilities are transferred from birth parents to adoptive parents.

fostering- alternative living arrangement for children, parents are unable to care for them in the family home

GIFT- the sperm and eggs are removed and placed in to the Fallopian types where fertilisation will hopefully take place

IVF- process of fertilising eggs with sperm outside of human body

formal- trained professionals, formal agencies or institutions paid for by the receiver. e.g. aged carer, nurse, palliative carer etc

Satisfying the specific needs (SHESEA)

• adequate standard of living
• parents expected to provide fodd, clothing(clean) and shelter (safety and security)
• encourage healthy habits e.g. hydration
• assist with hygiene via physical assistance or promoting
• care for medical health needs
• education should be provided and assisting in the encouragement in further education.

Building a positive relationship with the dependant

• Realtionship where both grow as a result of the interaction
• Can occur form birth through love and affection
• Parents provide opportunities for dependants to develop independence and resilience
• Model appropriate behaviour
• Carers can help by providing assistance when needed but still allowing for independance
• It can be difficult when the dependant used to be of equal higher status
• cognitive, social, emotional & childern naturally observe = learn
  
  

Promoting the well being of the dependant

• Well being affected by how well needs are met
• Parents and carers should provide opportunities to develop and support positive
• Good role modelling healthy behaviours that result in a sense of well being e.g. parents are role models of their children
  well being
  Social
  Physical
  Emotional
  Economic
  Cultural
  Spirtual
  

Changing health behaviours
e.g. nutrition, physical activity, social or spiritual connection.
Parent

• eat healthier, nutritious foods avoiding listeria bacteria
• drink 2L of water a day
• increase folic acid intake
• attend prenatal classes
• practicing relaxation techniques
  -participating in regular low impact activities
  
  

Carers

• eating a variety of healthy foods
• engaing in physical activity
• investigationg local support groups
• meeting with other carers
• engaging in relaxtion techniques

Organising finances
e.g. budgeting, saving, support payments
Parent

• budgeting and saving
• investigate potential costs such as an obstetrician, hospitalisation, medical expenses, equipment, clothing, nappies etc
• saving to cater time off work
  
  

Carers

• budgeting and saving
• potential costs of modifying the environment, education & training, specialised equipment, etc
• savings time off work

Moving the physical environment
e.g. housing, amenities, equipment
Parent

• moving from one bedroom house to a larger 3-3 bedroom
• adding change facillities creating safe play areas
• rails, ramps, non-slip for aged individuals
• Cots, baths, safety gates, highchairs for babies
  
  

Carers

• prepare their living arrganements to suit the carer for depenfdant
• find place to safely store wheelchairs, walking frames and other specialised equipment

Enhancing knowledge and skills e,g, eduaction, information, training
Parent

• education and trainig can begin with prenatal and postnaltal
• information can be gained from sources from reptable professionals
• magazines( Practical parenting)
• websites (Raising Children Network)
• important to use reliable sources
• be aware of inaccurate media
  
  

Carer

• informal carers may take online course or workshop
• university degrees on nursing, early childhood & aged care

Education

• Educated people have more knowledge & understanding of parenting and caring values & responsibilities.
• more aware of services available & how to access them
• e.g, one parent more educated then other, may lead to resentment & poor communication between parents

Socioeconomic status

• a person or families social and economic position in comparision withh other individuals & famalies.
• impacts on how they form relationships with both dependents and others
• SES= income, education, occupation

Special needs

• learn to cope with their dependants disability & change their life according to cater for their needs
• parents & carers seek emotional assistance to support negative impacts of caring for a person with a disability.
  

Media stereotypes

• Advertising often depict females in nursing/ caring jobs & males in trade & corporate roles

• +Media has enabled carers and dependent to access financial support, which makes the caring role easier & allows stronger bond with dependent.

Community Attitudes

• 'norms' of the area
• vaccinations are another topic of question that creates hostillity between parents with different opionions
• +Dependants should recieve care based on priority and cirumstancesi.e.
• government funding should be directed towards health, childcare etc not enough is provided ( carer numbers insufficient)

Gender Expectations

• A child's concept of being 'male' or 'female' comes from the observing their parents and carers behaviour
• Flexibility in gender roles leads to less conflict & greater cooperation in parenting & caring
• More females than males in caring industry- nursing , gender role this reinforces that females are more nurturing & 'belong' in caring role

Indulgent/ permissive

• Indulge( give and spoil) children /dependants in a way similar to buying love ans being excessively lenient.
• +The child will be given anything they need or want, easier for parent to feel loved by children- vise versa, promoting emotional well being
• -The child will not, develop any skills they need to succeed later in life i.e self-management, saving money not over indulging themselves, may be determental to social or physical well being
  

Carers

• receive financial assistance, centre link, family & community services
• request flexible work arrangements
• act as an advocate for dependant when required
  

Children

• autonomy of children- right to make decisions
• medical treatment- over the age of 14 make own decisions
• inheritance- children have no absolute right to inherit their parents property after death
• claim law provisions

Dependants

• participate in decisions
• be protected from neglect and abuse
• be part of the community
• receive services e.g. medical support

Parents

• discipline the child through
• ensure access to education
• attend the child's medical treatment( up to age 14)
• take legal proceedings on child's behalf
• determine a child's upbringing regarding daily care & control

Setting Limits

• Every dependants right to have firm guidelines & limits, know what of expected of them
• learn about fairness
  -respect others
• foster their self esteem

Discipline

• Parents & carers should establish clear rules & practise discipline that is understood by their dependants

Duty of Care

• Legal right that society that parents& carers are the individuals who must meet the needs and well being of their dependants and
  

health care

• family, doctor, obstetrician, midwife, paediatrician. nurse,