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cardiac cycle (stimulation (other factors (age, gender, cardiovascular…

- - - - enhances effect of catecholamines and induces slower, more sustained increase in heart rate
  - - - low calcium decreases contractility and high prolongs plataue phase and increases irritability of myocardium
    - - low cause arrhythmia and weak contractility; high interferes with resting membrane potential and can cause cardiac arrest
    - - high sodium blocks calcium influx, decreasing heart rate and contractility
- - - - the difference between resting and max CO
  - - - preload
      - contractility
      - afterload
- - - - ventricular depolarization and proceeds ventricular contraction
      - .08 s
      - prolonged=left ventricular dysfunction
    - - ventricular repolarization
    - - movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria and atrial contraction
  - - - .16 s
      - prolonged=AV block
    - - the action potentials of the ventricular myocytes are in their plateau phases and the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized
      - elevated/depressed=cardiac ischemia