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COMPILING A LITERATURE REVIEW (Definitions of trust (Rotter (1967) Trust…
COMPILING A LITERATURE REVIEW
Definitions of trust
Rotter (1967)
Trust is “the belief that a party’s word or promise is reliable and a party will fulfil his/her obligations in an exchange relationship”
Morgan & Hunt (1994)
Trust occurs “when one party has confidence in an exchange partner’s reliability and integrity”
Mayer et al. (1995)
Trust is “the willingness of a party tobe vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party”
Rousseau et al. (1998)
Trust is a “psychological state comprising the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectation of the intentions or behaviour of another”
Gefen (2000)
Trust on an online vendor is the “willingness to make oneself vulnerable to actions taken by the trusted party based on the feeling of confidence and assurance”
Ba & Pavlou (2002)
Trust is “the subjective a ssessment of one party that another party will perform a particular transaction according to his or her confidant expectation, in an environment characterised by uncertainty”
Synthesising lists of attributes, factors or criteria
Attributes that are important in the assessment of perceived website quality
Aladwani & Palvia (2002)
Security
Ease of navigation
Broadcast services
Search facilities
Availability
Valid links
Reliability
Browser sniffing
Personalization or customization
Speed of page loading
Interactivity
Ease to access the site
Usefulness
Completeness
Clarity
Currency
Conciseness
Accuracy
Finding contact information
Finding firm’s general information
Finding products/services
Finding customers’ policies
Finding customer support
Attractiveness
Organization
Proper use of fonts
Proper use of colours
Proper use of multimedia
Style consistency
Good labelling
Zhang & Von Dran (2001)
Learned new knowledge and/or skills by using the website
Use of humour
Multimedia
Fun to explore
Assurance that user-entered data is encrypted
Users can control order or sequence of information access
Users can control how fast to go through the website
Users can control difficulty level of information to be accessed
Attractive overall colour use
Sharp displays
Attractive screen background and pattern
Adequate brightness of the screens/pages
Eye catching images or title on the homepage
Indication of system loading/responding time
Support for different platforms and/or browsers
Stability of the website availability (can always access thewebsite)
Indication of the user's location within the website
Navigation aids
Presence of overview, table of contents, and/or summaries/headings
Structure of information presentation is logical
Reputation of the website owner
Identification of site owners/designers
Unbiased information
Absence of gender or racial/ethnic biases and stereotypes
Information on the website stays for a reasonable period of time before it disappears
Accurate information
Appropriate detail level of information
Up-to-date information
Relevant information
Complete coverage of information
Content that supports the website's intended purpose
Novel (new) information
How should one go about to synthesise lists of information suchas the two lists presented? Consider the following two options:
Option 1
: Provide a comparative summary in table format to show which aspects in the different lists are the same and which aspects differ. Note that different authors often use different terms to refer to the same thing. You will have to consider this when compiling a comparative summary
Option 2
: You can also try to group the individual attributes, factors or criteria into higher-level dimensions to form groups of individual elements that together measure some underlying higher-evel construct. In the following example, the authors grouped individual web site attributes (listed under the heading Indicators) together as higher level constructs (listed under the heading Constructs). They also provided a description of each construct.
Synthesising opposing viewpoints on a specific issue
Different authors often have conflicting points of view on the same issue. These opposing perspectives can be compared as a point of discussion in a literature review. When comparing opposing points of view, it is important to clearly explain the nature of and differences between the opposing perspectives. Where appropriate, one should also indicate which specific perspective you support and motivate why
How should I structure a literature review?
General guidelines on structuring a literature review
The use of diagrams
Defining core constructs, and
Providing motivation for hypotheses
Differing viewpoints on the role of business in society - Position on business’ role in society
Author
Albert Carr
Pure profit-making view - economic CSR: Business has lower standards of ethics than society and no social responsibility other than obedience to the law
Milton Friedman
Constrained profit-making view - economic CSR: Business should maximize shareholder wealth, obey the law, and be ethical
R. Edward Freeman
Socially aware view - ethical CSR: Business should be sensitive to potential harms of its actions on various stakeholder groups
Archie Carroll
Community service view/corporate social performance perspective - altruistic CSR:Business must use its vast resources for social good
General guidelines on structuring a literature review
A literature review is primarily structured through the use of headings, sub-headings and sub-subheadings. Consider the following principles when developing the headings of your literature review
It is best to use a “funnel approach” when structuring a literature review. Start the review by placing the specific topic being discussed into an appropriate broader context and then focus your discussion on more specific issues
Take time to carefully plan the headings and sub-headings that you will be using in order to ensure a logical flow of information. Mind-maps come in handing during this planning phase
Headings should be descriptive and informative, that is, they should tell the reader exactly what is to be covered in the section to follow (Perry et al., 2003:659). Avoid headings that consist of a single word
Make sure that the information you place under each heading are, in fact, related to and reflected in the heading
Also ensure that you comply with the technical requirements regarding headings outlined in the document templates on the NME 703 web site
Using diagrams to structure your literature review
A diagram comes in handy whenever you have to discuss the relationship between a large number of constructs. It can be used to summarise the main constructs and hypothesised relations hips in your study and to indicate the mediators and moderators that you will be investigating. A well-designed diagram, also serves as a “road map” to orientate the reader to the contents of the literature review.
Defining core constructs
People can only communicate effectively if they use a shared language. Jargon (i.e.,the specialised vocabulary of an academic discipline), unfamiliar terms, the inconsistent use of terminology, and the assumption that “the reader should know what a word means” all hamper effective academic communication. To prevent misunderstanding, you should always provide very clear conceptual definitions for the abstract constructs/concepts in a study
Providing motivation for hypotheses
Use the following basic approach to ensure this
First, discuss appropriate theory, previous research findings or the results of exploratory research that will serve as motivation for the hypothesis to follow. Make sure that there is a direct and logical link between the motivation provided and the wording of the hypothesis that you intend to test
Next, build a bridge to the hypothesis by using phrases such as:
“Based on the aforementioned discussion, it is hypothesised that:”
“This leads to the following hypothesis:”
“It is, therefore, hypothesised that:”
“It is, therefore, posited that:”
“The following hypothesis is thus stated:”
H5: For discount-type stores perceived human crowding will not be correlated with shopping satisfaction, whereas perceived spatial crowding will be negatively correlated with shopping satisfaction. For other store types, there will be a negative correlation between both dimensions of perceived crowding and shopping satisfaction
What writing style should I use when compiling a literature review?
General principles on writing style
Providing overviews and building bridges
Keeping it short
METHODOLOGY
The methodology or methods section (recommended length: 500-1000 words) describes the steps followed in the execution of the study and also provides a brief justification for the research methods used (Perryet al., 2003:661)
SAMPLING
Element1
: Clearly describe the target population(-s) of and context(-s) in which the study was conducted. Also remind the reader about the units of analysis of the study
Element 2
: Describe the sampling method used in detail. This descriptions hould, where possible
Element 3
: Provide a demographic and/or behavioural profile of the respondents who participated in the study. This profile can also be included at the start of the results section. If possible and applicable, present evidence that the sample size is sufficiently large and that the respondents are representative of the target population
DATA COLLECTION
Element 1
: Briefly describe how you pre-tested the data collection instrument(-s) used in your study and mention the specific pre-testing method(-s) used (see Cooper & Schindler, 2006:384-385; 396-398)
Element 2
: Describe how the data was collected
MEASURES
The sub-section on measures describes the measurement scales and questions used in the questionnaire. You may also use the heading “Measurement” for this section
MEASURES
Brand sensitivity
Peer influence
Parental influence
Television viewing
Demographic variables
MEASURES
Sources of shopping enjoyment
Demographic variables
RESULTS
General Guidelines For Reporting Research Results
Reporting Descriptive Statistics
Univariate descriptive statistics for variables at a nominal or ordinal level of measurement
Univariate descriptive statistics for rating scales
Univariate descriptive statistics for ratio-scaled variables
Other descriptive statistics
Reporting The Results Of Hypothesis Tests