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Developing Through the Lifespan (Continuity and Stages (Adult Development,…
Developing Through the Lifespan
Nature vs Nurture
Nature = Genetics
What is determined by your
genetics?
Body structure and appearance
Health issues
Mental Disorders
.
Nurture = environment,
experiences
What is determined by your
environment?
Location
Parents and Family
Culture and language
.
Environmental influences on genetics can be found through Twin Studies
Maternal stress has powerful effects on
genetic development
Epigenetics: genes are switched on and off by the
environment
Continuity and Stages
Child Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget
Believed that the force driving us is our struggle to make sense of our experiences
Children in same age groups make same IQ test mistakes
.
Framework that organizes and interprets information
Children were actively trying to construct an understanding of the world
Stages of Cognitive Development
2 to 7: Preoperational: Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Pretend play
Egocentrism
7 to 11: Concrete operational: Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
Birth to 2: Sensorimotor: Experiencing the world through senses and actions
Object permanence
Stranger anxiety
12+: Formal operational: Reasoning abstractly
Abstract logic
Potential for mature moral reasoning
Today's researchers believe:
Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age.
Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition.
Development is a continuous process.
Schemas
Perspective or filter we see events through
Egocentrism
Especially 2-7 year olds have difficulty taking another person's point of view
Theory of Mind
People form ideas about their own and other's mental states. They form predictions about feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors.
Social Development
Attachment Styles as Children
Avoidant
Dismissive Personality
See relationships as unimportant
Suppressed feelings
Distance themselves from stress
Isolated and emotionally removed from themselves and others
Ambivalent
Preoccupied Personality
Self-critical and insecure
Seeks reassurance from others
For fear of being rejected they are not trusting in relationships and become clingy and dependent on their partner
Insecurity makes them emotionally desperate in relationships
Secure
Secure Personality
High self-esteem
Positive relationships
Balance of independence and close relationships
Insecure (Disorganized)
Fearful-Avoidant Personality
Since they were detached from feelings in times of trauma as a child, as adults, they become detached from themselves.
Being in an emotional relationship brings up, subconsciously, memories of childhood trauma
Is no longer in life but instead, is reliving childhood emotional trauma.
Don't know themselves and have limited relationships with others
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
.
High Control
Authoritative
High Demands
High Responsiveness
Permissive
Low Demands
.
Neglectful
.
Low Responsiveness
Adolescent Development
Cognitive Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Posed famous Heinz dilemma and thereby found stages of moral development
Morality
Doing the right thing results in empathy and self-discipline
As thinking matures so does behavior. Maturing means less selfish and more caring
Levels of Moral Thinking
Preconventional Morality (Before age 9)
Stage 1: Avoids punishment
Stage 2: Gains reward
Conventional Morality (By early adolescence)
Stage 3: Gains approval/avoids disapproval
Stage 4: Does duty to support society/avoids dishonor or guilt
Postconventional Morality (Adolescence and beyond)
Stage 5 - Affirms agreed upon rights
Stage 6 - Abstract, autonomous moral principle
Social Development
Erik Erikson
Believed that we must solve a crisis at each stage of life
Each stage has it's own psychosocial task
Identity
Task is to solidify a social identity of self by testing different roles
James Marcia
Achieving identity status involves crisis and commitment as
applied to occupational choice, religion, and political ideology.
Identity Achievement
Considering occupation choices and reevaluating past beliefs
Committed to an occupation and ideology regardless of parental wishes
Identity Diffusion
Haven't committed to an occupation or haven't given it much thought.
Aren't interested in ideological matters and instead sample from all.
Moratorium
In a crisis period not able to make a decision
In the struggle they are trying to compromise parental wishes, societies demands and their own capabilities.
Foreclosure
They have made a commitment but lines between parental goals and their own is unclear.
They are becoming what others planned for them.
Adult Development
Love and Career
Evolutionary scientists believe that commitment has survival value
Happiness comes from working in a job that fits your interests and provides a sense of competence and accomplishment
Love and work are defining themes of adult life
Well Being Across the Lifespan
Happiness does not decrease with age
Older adults show less negative responses
Positive feelings remain, negative feelings fade
Successful Aging
Psychological Factors
Optimistic outlook
Mental stimulation
Social Factors
Culture
Family and friends
Suitable living arrangements
Activities
Biological Factors
Exercise
Medications
Nutrition
Death and Dying
Grief is more severe if death occurs unexpectedly.
The “normal” range of reactions or grief stages after the death of a loved one varies widely
People who view their lives with a sense of integrity see life as meaningful and worthwhile.
.
Psychological
.
Social-Cultural
.
Biological
Your Development
Stability and Change
Lifelong development requires both stability and change. Stability gives us our identity
Personality
As people grow older, personality gradually stabilizes
Temperament
Some of our characteristics, such as temperament, are very stable.
Social Attitudes
Some traits, such as social attitudes, are much less stable than
temperament