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Rape Culture (Areas to Explore? (Institutional (Institutions (Education,…

- - - - Perspectives
        
        Objective
        
        Victims
        
        the lack of healing possible for a cultural norm
        
        healing from sexual violence
      - Rape is unquestionably a gendered crime: 91% of rape victims are female, while almost 99% of perpetrators are male (Greenfield 1997).
        Brison, for instance, calls rape “gender-motivated violence against women, which is perpetrated against women collectively, albeit not all at once and in the same place” (2002, 98). Understanding how rape harms women as a group requires analyzing it not only as an individual act but also as an institution—that is, a structured social practice with distinct positions and roles, and with (explicit or implicit) rules that define who may (or must) do what under what circumstances (Card 1991). Feminists have highlighted the ways in which the institution of rape reinforces the group-based subordination of women to men: for instance, by making women fearful, and by enforcing patriarchal dictates both about proper female behavior and about the conditions of male sexual entitlement to women's bodies.
        (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
        
        Interpretation and Notes
        Feminist ethics brings the importance of emotionality, community, and psychological mental harm and wellbeing to a male dominated culture (Because these traits are traditionally female and things like hardness, facts, logic and stubbornness are traditionally male, and western society is a male dominated culture. these 'female' traits are often overlooked and undervalued.
    - - Luke Gittos: "Why Rape Culture is a Dangerous Myth"
        "This is dangerous for us all – not just men who may find themselves dragged into court following a sexual encounter they believed was consensual. Gittos holds that the drive to prosecute (and improve conviction rates against) more and more people has dangerous implications for the fundamental principles of justice, and for basic freedoms. The situation as things stand, he maintains, does no one any favours: it undermines society’s ability to deal adequately with extreme assault, and it undermines our ability to live intimately with one another." (Fruedi, Spiked)
  - - - Victims
      - Objective
        
        Lawmakers
        
        What is Mens rea?
        
        A further complicating question is whether the criminal law's usual requirement of mens rea (or “guilty mind”) should apply to rape and, if so, how that requirement should be interpreted. In the most general terms, a mens rea requirement means that the prosecution must show not only that nonconsensual sex occurred, but also that the man was in a certain state of mind with regard to the woman's lack of consent. Just what that state of mind is—what counts as mens rea in cases of rape—is a matter of some dispute (Burgess-Jackson 1996, 137–161). (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
        
        Mens Rea
        
        the the man is "in a certain state of mind regarding the woman's lack of consent"
        
        1 more item...
        
        non consensual sex
    - - Education
      - Workplace
  - - - the perceived vs the actual - the myth that some fraternities carry, and other emulate.
    - - In the case of sexual power, the pervasiveness of culture that encourages men to exert dominance results in sexual assault and rape which undermines the humanity of the person it is aimed at. Western culture, specifically the United States since 1800,
  - - - The legacy of sexual imperialism carries on today.
        "Asians and Pacific Islanders also make up the largest group of people trafficked into the U.S." (sex trafficking specifically refers to people who were coerced by force into selling sex.) (Rachel Kuo, Huffpost)
        
        Interpretation
        A connection between Kuo and Gittos
        Would a white privileged man be able to understand the intersectionality of opression to come together that amplifies the effects of rape culture on those who are effected by other kinds of discrimination. Those who feel layers of oppression are already vulnerable so their definition of rape culture is more than theory to be pondered.
      - "Within sociocentric and ego-centric cultures, the roles and representations of genders, and attitudes toward sexual violence differ. Cultures which are described as feminist, provide equal power to both men and women. Sexual violence is likely to occur more commonly in cultures that foster beliefs of perceived male superiority and social and cultural inferiority of women. Although culture is an important factor to understand sexual violence in its entirety, we need to look at, as well as beyond cultural structures, their strengths and weaknesses."
        
        Rape culture is more than just the act of a singular rape is is a soicety where it happens so much because we encourage power control and domination or males over females and that is the largest motive of rape - a power based violation.
    - - Gay/Lesbian and Bisexual
      - Transgender
      - Increased Rates
    - - Increased rates