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Week3 (Knowledge about problem (Simonton 1983: Analysed Mozart Beethoven…
Week3
Knowledge about problem
Simonton 1983: Analysed Mozart Beethoven etc with their level of education. Big C. Data from Cix 1926- data is very old.
Creators ka cruve highest at bachelors. Eminence means a level of fame a person has achieved.
In the past men people didn't have the basic education. Its outdated even though it shows strong trends. Oh and this is formal education. Now information is just generally available. Its NOT talking about knowledge in field. You might be creative in some other field maybe?
Hayes 1989: Time taken to master something = 10years. May differ with domains and fields. 4 hours a day, 5 days a week for 10 years.
Deliberate Practice: helps with deep learning rather than just memorization. Breaks lou. Thori thori deir ke liye practice karo 2-4 hours. Sleep. Ericsson studied musicians basically and came up with this.
Deep immersion: you should have the skills for it but you should also be challenged. This will get you to your flow state. Ericsson et al 1993. Not too much that you get frustrated. Not too easy that you get bored.
Without knowledge you cannot be creative- omg the curve. it goes down neeche for creators with too much education
With leaders- eminence is highest jab education sab se kum hoti hai. The more education they get, eminence drops.
Best Idea selection
Ye consciously hota hai. Knowledge dependant and domain specific because I guess pros and cons karne hote hain.
Present in all stages of creative processes.
Runco and Dow 2004: observed ke if you are good at evaluating the quality of your creative idea then you are more likely to be creative.
Evaluation criteria by Blair and Mumford
Risky, easiness, originality, steps, complication, social acceptance, probability of success, implementation, benefits, social rewards, time and effort. Complex to implement but easy to understand.
Incubation
Unguided, unconscious idea- unconscious mind can work better on multiple things and maybe our conscious mind kind of sucks
Experiments
Convergent task - Beeftink 2008
3 cryptic word puzzles. 5 letters ke.
3 conditions = Continuous work- interruption condition- free switch condition (Jis mein aap kabhi bhi break le saktay ho). Most puzzles were solved in the break
Divergent task - Ellwood 2009
AUT- uses of paper.
4 minute continuous work- unrelated distractor mein engagement (personality test)- engage in related task (producing synonyms). Most ideas came in the unrelated distractor task and a few in the continous working.
Theories of working.
Rest: mind gets a break after exhaustion- divergent task results support this. Doing nothing lekin work nei karta. You need to be doing an unrelated task according to other research.
Selective forgetting: Agar dimagh kisi ghalat path pe fixate kar gaya hai tou incubation usse bhula de gi.
Research: Come up with new animals on earth vs new animals on another planet. People came up with very similar results.
Spreading activation: related concepts jo aap ko already pata hain, wo activate ho jatay hain through semantic network (you start with a concept that has neighbours).
Materialising Idea
This makes the idea concrete
Followed by more ideas.
Ok so jo creators the, they always externalised their original idea. Which I think means that they acknowledged it.
Sawyer's 8 stages of creative process
Problem
creativity and problem solving are similiar
Creative aap tab hotay ho jab ill defined problem hoti hai. Now what are ill defined problems? Jahan many possible end results hote hain and no clear direction. And multiple pathways to choose from. You cant just apply what you already know.
Artist example- given options of objects to work with out of 27. Jis ne sab se zyada time lagaya to choose wo best rahay. 5 years later they were more successful. Mushkil se naam wala researcher. Problem finders vs problem solvers. CAT afterwards.
Finding new problems is also a challenge
Performance on "instances task" better predictor of creative achievement.
Experts take more time to find problems than novices (students?).
The stages are not exactly sequential but they do happen in the creative process.
Potential relevant information gathering
Existing problem- be aware of new information to make relevant connections
Creative people better at recognising opportunities and gaps in informtaion
Combination in unexpected ways
Remote ideas combine into new ones
Mechanisms in action: Cross fertilisation (people from different fields come and innovate), conceptual combination, metaphor/analogy (omg the xray problem was solved by the fortress analogy wow this is amazing I love this lecture), imagery
Generation of ideas
Unconscious + Conscious
Associationist + Gesttalt
Associationist: Ideas are new combinations, incremental/ accumulative
Gestalt: Restructuring of the problem. Sudden without conscious mind
Fixation: makes insight problems hard
Impasse (when your mind gets stuck): Misleading hints ke sath problem solving capabilities are shit. generate new ideas similar to things yo already know. Smith and Blankenship 1989. This supports selective forgetting. Because they intentionally made people get stuck.
Tip of tongue: Reason and Lucas 1984 studied this. So when you are recalling a name, you know the first later but agar ghalat naam aa jaye tou your name keeps coming back to you and you cant stop fixating on it.
Restructuring: transformation of problem space, change in mental set
Insight: Sudden + strong positive affect- surge of dopamine perhaps? but ye published nei hai
Evidence for sudden: Metcalfe 1986- 5 exp. Anagrams How close they were getting to the solution. Feeling of warmth wala experiment. No gradual increase apparently
Researchers argue ke participants ko pata nahin chalta but they actually are getting closer to the solution. (Ye hotly debated topic hai)
People have good intuition. Gets them closer to solution unconsciously.
Weisberger- suddenness ke baray mein critical hai. He says ke number of steps is needed. So Insight itni koi subjective baat nahin hai.
Candle Problem. Box and thumbpins.
The more complex the info is the better the quality of unconscious thought process. The graph kind of?? depicts this. With complexity, quality of conscious thought process falls.
Exam Question: critically evaluate role of knowledge on creativity!!
If you write a sentence that can be copied anywhere in any context then your sentence is vague, do not write it. Relate to question more.