Chapter 3: Internet Technology
(Introduction to The Internet)
The Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of
networks that connects millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals.
• It is a global system made of thousands of
privately and publicly owned computers and
networks.
Overview of the Internet
• Internet is composed of more than 750 million
hosts/servers.
• Host or server is a computer that has two-way
access to other computers:
– Receives requests
– Replies to those requests
• Both public and private organizations own
networks on the Internet.
– Each organization is responsible only for
maintaining its own network.
– No single person, company, institution, or
government agency controls or owns the Internet.
– World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an
international community that work together to
develop standards and guidelines for the Internet.
Introduction to the Internet
• Private and public groups provide the
equipment.
• Network Service Providers (NSPs)
– Maintain the Internet backbone—the main highspeed routes
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
– Provide Internet access to homes and businesses
The Internet: Advantages
• Makes communication become cheaper, quicker,
and more efficient using email, instant
messaging, video conference, social networking
websites and various mobile applications.
• Provide abundant information on all aspects of
life which can be find easily using search engines.
• Provide free entertainment such as online games
and movies.
• Helps people to stay connected with friends and
family through social media and apps such as
facebook, twitter, whatsapp, skype, and facetime.
• Provide unlimited access to education materials
such as online learning videos, ebook, and
educational websites.
• Provide convenience to people through online
applications such as online shopping, online
reservation, and online payment.
The Internet: Disadvantages
• Expose people to risk of information theft
when they use Internet applications such as
email, online banking or facebook.
• Expose users’s computers to malware threats
such virus virus, worm, or trojan horse which
can easily infect computers through the
Internet.
• Expose people to pornography and
inappropriate content which can lead to bad
social development.
• Cause addiction to surfing, online gambling,
social networking, and gaming which may
result in social isolation among youngsters.
The Intranet
• A private network of an organization which
uses internet technologies to share
organization’s information or operations with
its employees.
• It only provides access to employees within an
organization.
• Facilitate communication and operations
among employees within an organization.
• Intranet applications include phone
directories, email address, event calendars,
procedure manuals, employee benefit
information, and internal job postings.
• Example of intranet:
– KMK Intranet – provides email, Student
information system, Web server, printer server,
and access to the Internet.
The Extranet
• A private network of an organization that
securely share parts of organization’s
information with its suppliers, vendors,
partners, customers, or other organizations.
• It provides limited access to authorized people
outside the company.
• Facilitate communication and business
operations between the organization and
related people or organizations.
• Example of extranet:
– Package shipping company that allow their
customers to access their intranet to print
shipment bills, schedule pick-ups, and even track
shipped packages.
The Internet Connection
• Internet access is the process that enables
individuals and organizations to connect to
the Internet using computer terminals,
computers, mobile devices, sometimes via
computer networks.
• Once connected to the Internet, users can
access Internet services, such as email and the
World Wide Web.
Types of Internet Connection
• Dial-up
• Broadband
Types of Internet Connection: Dial-up
• A slow-speed Internet connection that provides
Internet access by using a standard telephone
line and dial-up modem.
• Characteristics of dial-up connection:
– Slow-speed connection
– Low data transfer rate
– Temporary connection
– Lower cost
• Example:
– Dial-up provided by TMNet
Types of Internet Connection: Broadband
• Broadband connection refers to any type of
high-speed Internet connection that involve
the use of high-speed transmission media and
communication device to transmit data.
• Characteristics of broadband connection:
– High-speed connection
– Fast data transfer rate
– Permanent, direct or always-on connection
– Higher cost compared to dial-up
• Types of broadband internet connection:
– Cable Internet Service
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
– Fiber to the premises (FTTP)
– Fixed Wireless
– Cellular Radio Network
– Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
– Satellite Internet Service
Cable Internet Service
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access using TV cable
(provided by cable television network) and
cable modem.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access by using standard
telephone line and DSL modem.
• Examples:
– Maxis Wired, TM Broadband(Streamyx), TIME
Broadband
Fiber To The Premises (FTTP)
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access by using fiber-optic
cable and fiber modem.
• Install fiber optic cable directly from ISP to
residence or business buildings.
• Available in limited areas.
• Fast but expensive.
• Two types of FTTP:
– FTTH (Fiber to the Home) – home users
– FTTB (Fiber to the Building) – business users
• Examples:
– TM Unifi, TIME Fibre Broadband, Maxis Fibre
Internet, PenangFon
Fixed Wireless
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access by using a dishshaped
antenna on a building which
communicate with a tower location via radio
signals.
Types of Broadband Internet Connection:
• It is a fixed one-to-one connection between
the premis and the provider.
• Examples:
– Internet connections established at hospitals, fuel
station, or shopping complex buildings.
Cellular Radio Network
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access using cellular radio
signals and wireless device/modem.
• Provided by cellular network companies to
devices with built-in wireless modem/adapter
such as smart phones, tablets, and laptops.
• Examples:
– Celcom FIRST, DiGi Postpaid, MaxisONE, UmobileHero Postpaid, TMgo
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access using broadcast radio
signals, wireless device/modem, and wireless
access point.
• Provided by an organization to devices with
built-in wireless modem/adapter such as
smart phones, tablets, and laptops through
wireless access point.
• Examples:
– TM WiFi, Celcom Wifi, P1 Hot Zone, Jaring Filter Wifi
• Examples of free Wi-Fi:
– Wi-Fi provided by a college or university to its students
– Wi-Fi at public places such as airports, hotels and
restaurants
Satellite Internet Service
• A high-speed Internet connection that
provides internet access by using satellite dish
that communicate with a satellite modem via
microwave.
• Examples:
– TIME Satellite Broadband
– Sabah.Net IP STAR Satellite Broadband
– H-Vision IPSTAR Satellite Broadband
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an
organization that provides Internet access to
individuals and organizations.
• Also provide related services such as:
– Web site hosting and development
– Email hosting
– Domain name registration
Examples of the ISP in Malaysia
• TMNet • MAXIS
• Celcom • DiGi
• Jaring • YTL
• Packet One
Responsibilities of ISP
• Provide and maintain a connection to the
Internet
• Provide hardware and software support to the
connection
• Protect against external threats such as
viruses, hackers and other illegal activities
• Provide 24-hour customer service and
technical support
The Internet Address
• The Internet relies on an addressing system
much like the postal service to send data and
information to a computer at a specific
destination.
• Also called, Internet Protocol address or IP
address.
IP Address
• IP address is a unique number used to locate
and identify a computer or device on a
network.
• This unique number will be assigned to each
and every computer or devices connected to a
network.
• IP address is used as an address to send data
and information to a specific computer or
device on the Internet.
Versions of IP Address
• Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
– The most widely used version of IP address.
– IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme
• Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
– The new version of IP address which has more
capabilities than IPv4 in providing more IP addresses.
– IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme allowing for a
total of 2128 addresses.
The importance of IPv6
• The Internet has experienced a phenomenal
increase of devices accessing the Internet.
• Because of this increase, IPv4 addresses are
running out.
• The solution is for IPv6 to accommodate this
increased demand by providing a much larger
address space, along with improved traffic
routing and better security.
Advantages of IPv6
• Larger IP address space - provide enough
address space for many decades to come
• Better security
• Better support for real time
• Includes Plug and play
• Better optimization
Structure of IPv4 Address
• Each IPv4 address is made up of four groups of
numbers, that range from 0 to 255, separated by a period.
• Examples of IPv4 addresses:
– 10.20.20.16
– 172.16.200.99
• IPv4 address has two parts:
– The network part (first three numbers) identifies the network.
– The machine part (last number) identifies the specific computer.
• Example:
– 10.20.20.16
• 10.20.20 (network part)
• 16 (machine part)
Structure of IPv6 Address
• Each IPv6 address is represented as eight
groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated
by colons (:)
• Examples of IPV6 address (full notation):
– 2001:0db8:00a7:8ac4:0234:7bff:fe19:223c
– 2001:0db8:0a0b:12f0:0000:0000:0000:0001
• Example of IPV6 address (compressed format):
– 2001:db8:a0b:12f0::1
Domain Name
• A domain name is the text version of an IP address.
• Examples:
– www.google.com
– www.kmk.matrik.edu.my
• Every domain name contains a top-level
domain (TLD), which is the last section of the
domain name.
– www.kmk.matrik.edu.my
– www.google.com
– www.abim.org
– www.bankislam.biz
– www.speedtest.net
• Two (2) types of TLD:
– Generic TLD (gTLD)
– Country Code TLD (ccTLD)
• A generic TLD identifies the type oforganization associated with the domain.
• Country Code TLD identifies the country oforigin associated with the domain.
• Examples:
– com - Commercial organizations, businesses, or companies
– gov - Government agencies
– org - Nonprofit organizations
– my - Malaysia