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Ecology of Parenting (Parenting (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive,…
Ecology of Parenting
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Family Dynamic
During infancy, parenting tasks are primarily feeding, changing, bathing, and comforting
During the second year of life, physical and verbal restraint must be introduced for the child’s safety
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During the preschool years, parenting techniques may expand to include reasoning, instruction, isolation (timeout), withdrawal of privileges (negative consequences), and reinforcement or rewards
during school age, parents may encourage them to become more responsible for their behavior
As children enter adolescence, parents may deal with potential conflicts by discussion, collaborative problem solving, and compromise
although specific parenting practices change according to the age of the child, basic parenting styles remain quite stable over time
Socioeconomic Status
rank or position within a society based on social and economic factors, such as income, occupation, and education of the parents.
high socioeconomic status have high incomes, engage in highly respected occupations, and are well educated
low socioeconomic status have low incomes, hold unskilled or semiskilled jobs, and are poorly educated
economic hardship experienced by lower-class families is associated with anxiety, depression, and irritability.
parents to be punitive, inconsistent, authoritarian, and generally nonsupportive of their children
as lower-class parents were likely to judge their children’s behavior in terms of its immediate consequences and its external characteristic
middle socioeconomic status have medium incomes, business or professional occupations, and a good education
middle-class parents were more concerned with their children’s motives and the attitudes their behavior seemed to express
Culture, Ethnicity, Religion
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a collectivist context are amused by people—by being held, teased, or shown how to do something
individualistic context are amused by things—by being given space, given toys, or told how to do something
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Political ideology refers to theories pertaining to government. It influences parenting styles because children must be raised to function as citizens in society.
Most traditional societies subscribe to an aristocratic political ideology, or government by the highest-ranking class of individuals in a society
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A democracy is a society in which those ruled have power equal to those who rule; the principle is equality of rights.
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Parenting: implementing a series of decisions about the socialization of your children—what you do to enable them to become responsible, contributing members of society, as well as what you do when they cry, are aggressive, lie, or do not do well in school
bidirectional and dynamic—an adult’s behavior toward a child is often a reaction to that child’s temperament and behavior, changing with time as the child develops
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