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unit 2: 600 BCE- 600 CE (GREECE (WARS: (PELOPONNESIAN WAR: (431-404…

- - - - darius divided it into 20 providences ruled by a governor.
      - tolerant and respectful of conquered people, sometimes let them use their own laws, as long as they paid taxes
      - standardized coins
  - - - humans are the chess pieces, and at the end of time, good will win and judge souls. good people go to paradise, bad to hell.
    - - didn't bury body, put them on the tower of silence for carrion to eat
- - - - after solomon's death in 922 BC israel split into judea and israel
        
        assyrians conquers northern kingdom, temple of babylon destroyed
        
        the babylonian exile: forced deportation of israelites to babylon - 600-539 BCE
        
        king cyrus frees israelites with conquer of babylon
        
        cyrus was a hero, causing the post ixicilic, creating the JEWS
        
        codification of Tanckh (hebrew bible), christian old testament
        
        cyrus allowed them to rebuild old testament
  - - - originally named Saul, "saw light" converted to christianity
      - spread the "good word"
        
        paved the way to make christianity global
        
        jewish requirements like circumsticen not necessary.
        
        for everyone not just culturally jewish
        
        travelled the whole roman empire in pax romana
      - he was executed
    - - challenged patriarchy
      - didn't acknowledge roman gods.
      - romans persecuted christians
        
        edict of milan: christianity is ok
        
        constantine is christian now
        
        theodosie made it official
- - - - had artificial harbor, established its own empire in west mediterrean sea
- - - - all men in army until 30, peasant slaves worked as farmers, duty in army until 60 years old. erased individuality
      - men: trained, marched, ate only porridge, slept on hard surfaces to create tough soldiers
  - - - assembly of all citizens, debate and make laws, all citizens eligible to make laws ad vote-->majority
        
        citizens: adult free males, no women no slaves (slave based economy)
      - direct democracy--> all citizens impact directly, everyone expected to participate in gov. public office is drawn lots, n single ruler,, ten generals. representative elections each year no term limits
    - - philopshy: stressed logic, rationalism, empirical observation. world is put togeth in certain way, subject to laws.
        
        socrates: constant questioning got him executed
        
        plato: opened the academy, everything about socrates we know through him, physical world is not real world: shadow world. allegory of the cave... but his ideas were challenged by aristotle
        
        aristotlte: student of plato, precursor to modern science, performed dissections and experiments. zoology, astrom=nomy, politics. slavery is essential
  - - - all greek city states were absorbed by macedonia by King Phillip II
        
        ALEXANDER THE GREAT
        
        son of phillip 2, student of aristotle, sought revenge against persia for persian war
        
        "liberated"/conquered egypt, levant, of persian rule
        
        founded many alexandria's most importantly in egypt.
        
        destroyed persian empire by 331
        
        got all of persian empire and central asia
        
        fought indus valley king in indian
        
        planning invasion of saudi arabia but died drinking.
        
        empire split after is death, macedonia is irrelevant forever
        
        seleucid kingdom: mesopotmia and persia. ptolemaic kingston : egypt and levant. both had greek culture
        
        greek is lingua franca
        
        hellenistic world 323-31 ice
        
        hellas= greece
        
        euclid: laid foundation for geometry
        
        archimedes of ryacuse, calculated pi, pioneered cylinders
- - - - a government where in theory the people are incharfe.
  - - - republic could;t deal with the strain go power... julius caesar tried to cease power
        
        AUGUSTUS CAESAR (octavian) ended roman republic, began empire
        
        began pax romana
        
        43BCE- conquered roman britain, founded london. all the way to had rains wall.
  - - - paid taxes, provided troops for roman army, vested interest due to split of loot, glory and dignity... never conquered persia
    - - serve in government
- - - - nobles become more powerful, eventually ignore kings THIS LEADS TO WARRING PERIOD
  - - - higher person must be kind and younger must obey
    - - filtal piety, children take care of parents, ancestors worship
  - - - response to warring states period
  - - - 6 kings and nobles must live in capital... hostages.
    - - ended feudalism, created 36 new new providences, direct rule by governors
        
        standardized weights, measures, axel length, coins, writing characters.
        
        built 4000 miles of road
        
        new irrigation
        
        great wall began
        
        this was for the protection against huns/ xiongnu (nomad, pastoral steppe people)
        
        used forced labor, many died
      - he died
        
        his son took over but people hated hit and forced laborers revolted
  - - - two ways to fight xiongnu
        
        marry chinese princess
        
        fight them
        
        not hostile all the time but war is never to far off
    - - based on merit in government
    - - china divided into 3 in 220