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Sociology AOS 1 - Australian and Indigenous Culture (Glossary…
Sociology AOS 1 - Australian and Indigenous Culture
Glossary
Culture
The entire way of life of a group or society
Material Culture
All physical objects, artifacts, resources and spaces of a society which are passed onto subsequent generations
Non Material Culture
Non physical creations and ideas of a society, such as knowledge, values, beliefs, languages, symbols and social norms which are transmitted across generations
Sociological Imagination
The ability to see the impact of larger scale social forces on individuals private and public lives, as observed through personal actions of individuals
Stops creating an us and them situation.
Ethnocentric
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of your own
Culturally Relative
The practice of judging a society by its own standard
The "Other"
Values
Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, desirable and beautiful
Symbols
Anything that acquires a particular meaning that is recognized by people sharing a culture
Examples
Word
Sound
Graffiti
Sculpture
Gesture
Flag
Language
Socially-constructed set of symbols used as the main method of communication within a culture
Norms
Shared rules which exists in every culture and act as a guide for a wide range of behavior.
Categories
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Paternalism
Practice of acting like a father, treating someone like a child making decisions for them without allowing them responsibility
Cultural Suppression
Involves the dominance of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority
Assimilation
Said that indigenous people 'not of full blood' should be absorbed into the wider population.
Examples of Material and Non Material Culture
Material Culture
Flag - Physical Object
Dances
Clothing
Tools
Homes
Technology
Non Material Culture
Flag - Symbolism
Dreamtime Stories
Values
Symbols
Language
Norms
Policies
Protection and Segregation 1886 - 1951
Treated legally as minors
Chief Protector of Aborigines in each state was their guardian
The Chief Protector was responsible for their health. welfare and education
Under this policy "half caste" children were removed from their aboriginal mothers to be brought up in the white community
Indigenous Australians were believed to be inferior to their own race, which led to the assumption that they needed to be protected
Assimilation (1961 - 1965)
The aim of the policy was to make the "aboriginal problem" gradually disappear so that indigenous Australians would lose their cultural identity
Aborigines had to become socially and culturally white.
It was hoped that by adopting mainstream culture, Aboriginal people would become completely absorbed into white culture
Effects on Indigenous Australians
Loss of Cultural Identity
Loss of Land
Loss of Traditions and Language
Children left traumatisd and unaware of ho their parents are
Led to Poverty and Hardships
Integration (1965)
1967 Referendum brought about a change and Aborigines were expected to live like white people but maintain some of their traditional practices.
Stolen Generation
Main reason for this policy was to "assimilate" Aboriginal children with "white Australia"
Most grew up without family ties or cultural identity
Many suffered insecurity, lack of elf esteem, depression, sucide, abuse of alcohol and drugs
Missions
(1869-1911)
Most Australian states introduced laws to confine Austrlian Indigenous people to certain areas where there would be non-indigenous supervision
Australian Indigenous people were strictly controlled; the non-indigenous management monitored their moment and lifestyles
Examples of Representation
Rabbit Proof Fence (Culturally Relative)
Responses to Missions and Reserves
Many Australian Indigenous people living within the missions and reserves didn't abandon their traditions
Responses to Policies
Responses to Suppression
A lot of Australian Indigenous people did not adopt the cultural and religious more of the British settlers and government
Many remained outside the reserves and missions, choosing instead to work in the pastoral industry
Responses to Protectionism
The Coranderrk people gained a reputation amongst white authorities as 'trouble-makers' because they continually defended their rights through strikes, deputation and petitions
Women were active in several of the campaigns, including strikes and walk-off
Responses of Protection and Segregation
The responses from Indigenous Australians can either be described as
despair or defiance
Aborginal resistance in southern Australiawas
rooted in five essential elements; cultural maintenance; a sense of injustice; the acting out of a somtimes negative oppositional culture; and the rebuilding of a positibe Aboriginal identity and an Aboriginal political movement
Definance Examples
Cummeragunja Walk Off (1939)
First ever mass strike of Australian Indigenous people occurred.
150 people left the Cummeragunja station in protest at thier cruel treatment and exploitation by the management.
They were in breach of the rules of the new South Wales Protection Board
Responses to Assimilation
Freedom Rises across NSW raised awareness of Indigenous Civil Rights across Australia.
1967 Referendum
1966 - Most racially discriminatory legislation had been repealed and most Aboriginal people had been granted the legal rights associated with citizenship
27 May 1967 - It equated the constitutional changes with the overthrow of discriminatory laws and winning of rights or citizenship for Aborgines
The Stolen Generation
Up to 100,000 Aboriginal Children were taken forcibly (Most were under 5 years of ages)
Most raised in church or state institutions. Some were fostered or adopted by white parents
Examples of Treatment in the Homes
Suffered physical and sexual abuse
Suffered poor food and living conditions
Recieved little education
Were expected to work
Were banned from speaking their native language