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Urbanistion (Functional zones in cities (Functional zones in London (CBD…
Urbanistion
Functional zones in cities
building pattern, divided into a number of different zones, different functions
Central Business District (CBD)
centre of city, where big banks, offices and department stores, usually multi-storeyed
Shopping Areas
outskirts of city, small village, give access to services without the city
Shopping Centres
large centres in suburbs of cities
Industrial areas
goods manufactured in factories, port cities oil refining, chemical factory, industrial estates in suburbs, footloose industry attracted here, room to expand and land is cheaper
Space for recreation and leisure
outdoor areas of recreation, Pheonix Park, St Stephen's Green, Limerick People's park, Galway Eyre square, recreational areas within CBD
Functional zones in London
CBD
ity of London principal financial district for UK, known as Square Mile
Shopping Area
West of City London is West End, main shopping district, famous areas such as Oxford Street
Residential Area
:West London huge residential area, Notting Hilll and Kensington neighbourhoods here
Industrial Area
old industrial area, East End where docks were, Park Royal Northwest, 40,000 people employed there
Recreational area
8 royal parks, Hyde and Regent's, provide recreational space, Olympic park redeveloped for excellent facilities
Shopping Centre
Westfield is 1.9 million square foot shopping centre, opened 2011, over 300 shops
Daily Urban movement of People
movement of people in urban area, traffic, congestion, Commuters, repeated pattern day-in day-out
public transport is a solution
Buses and QBCs
carry up to 80, more people less cars, can travel quicker, Quality Bus Corridors, QBCs or Bus lanes, big increase of QBCs
Light rail system
DART, runs along coastline, many people use the DART
Tram System
Luas, very popular in Europe, fast and efficient, two Luas lines, red and green
Cycle Lanes
Bike to Work and dublinbikes rental schemes encourage bike usage, cycle lanes make it safer to travel this way
Urban Problems: Focus on Dublin
great places, lots of activities, many problems
Zones of Decline
derelict, redeveloped, occupied illegally by squatters and drug addicts, urban decline, money on refurbishments
Urban Sprawl
rapid spread of housing, greenbelts and farmland used, small villages absorbed by city, strain on sewage and water supply
Unemployment
factories in industrial estates in suburbs, many jobs in CBD, need skill, few jobs for unskilled in city
Crime
big issue in inner-city, drug related, lack of services and facilities make the problem worse
Community disruption
1960s city centre people moved to suburbs like Ballymun, Tallaght and Clondalkin, people disconnected
Urbanisation in the developing world: Sao Paulo Brazil
rapidly in developing world, pushed from rural and pulled to cities, causes problem,Sao Paulo in Brazil
largest city in South America, high levels of migration, many problems in city
Favelas
Shanty towns and slums, million people, 20% of Sao Paulo in slums, called favelas situated on hillsides, major poverty and crime
Lack of services
rapid growth of favelas, no basic services required for people, clean water and sanitation, diseases hepatitis widespread
Traffic Congestion
always been a problem, focus of state roads, so bad average speeds are 17kph
Pollution
smog, major problem, caused by traffic congestion, 2,000 industrial plants, air quality bad, children suffer respiratory problems, new measures in place
Growth of Dublin
Viking Dublin
Began as Viking settlement in 841 AD, ideal location, mouth of Liffey, could trade and explore
Anglo-Normans
Normans, Dublin 1171, built stone walls, medieval city with narrow streets, poor sanitation, died as a result, Dublin castle is an example
19th Century Dublin
Act of Union 1801, parliament moved, wealthy Georgian housing occupants moved, distribution centre, Dublin docklands important source of employment, Georgian houses tenements,
20th Century Dublin
grew rapidly, inner-city slums cleared into suburbs Ballyfermot, Crumlin, Finglas, new suburbs aroudn Clondalkin, Lucan and Tallaght, city centre renewal,
21st Century Dublin
further expansion of Dublin, Urban sprawl continued, renewal, once satellite towns are in Greater Dublin, increased size part of Dublin, Tallaght
Residential housing in urban areas
Apartments and flats
found close to city centre, built to maximise space, often home to young professionals
Terraced Houses
found close to city centre, housing estates, no front garden opens onto street, used in oldest residential housing
semi-detached
found on outskirts, housing estates, pairs with a shared wall, have land or a driveway
Detached
housing estates, outskirts, free standing buildings
Improving Urban areas
many governments try improve urban areas, they attempt through urban renewal and redevelopment and planning of new towns
Urban renewal
refurbishment of old inner-city areas, facilities improved, prevents urban decay
urban redevelopment
takes place when old houses, flats, shops etc are knocked down, commercial offices and shop spaces replace them, tenants relocated
Tallagh: A New Town
Tallaght, new town 1960s, developed as important residential, commercial, and industrial area, 65,000, hospital, shoppng centre (ITT) connected by Luas, continuously growing and soon become city in its own right
Urbanisation
200 years ago, mostly rural, worked land, industrial revolution, factories in cities, left rural and moved into cities,
continued due to development in economic, administrative and social activities
rural to urban shift, growth and number of cities and towns called urbanisation
Land Use and Land values
common pattern, land value and land usage increases closer to CBD, most demand, shortage of available and strong demand = high cost
due to high cost of land, taller buildings, maximise land usage