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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Advantages of…

- - - - • Computers and networks have become the
        major part in educational institutions to
        improve and enhance education materials,
        activities and managements
      - • Benefits:
        – Easy access of information
        – Learning becomes more interesting
        – Learning can takes place anytime and anywhere
        – Improve quality in education
      - • Examples of applications in Education:
        – e-Learning
        –Digital Library
        – Education Portal
        
        e-Learning :checkered_flag:
        
        • e-learning refers to the use of computers and
        networks to support learning activities and
        provide learning materials
        .
        – Examples : online tuition, online test and
        computer-based training.
        • Benefits:
        – Learning materials can be accessed anywhere,
        anytime, and by anyone.
        – Students can learn at their own pace and time.
        – Learning becomes more interesting and effective.
        
        Digital Library :checkered_flag:
        
        • A collection of documents in organized
        electronic form, available on the Internet or
        on CD-ROM.
        – a user may be able to access magazines, books,
        journals, images, sound files, and videos.
        • Benefits:
        – No physical boundary as people from all over the
        world could gain access to the same information.
        – can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and
        365 days of the year.
        
        Education portal :checkered_flag:
        
        Website that provides learning and training
        materials and services from several sources.
        – Students can log on to the education portal for
        their university to see their current courses, fees,
        and other relevant information as well as
        download learning materials.
        • Benefit:
        – Facilitate teaching and learning process and
        improve the management of education.
    - - • Many people and companies use computers
        to help manage their finances.
        • Benefits:
        – Improve productivity, competitiveness and
        profitability.
        – Help companies to promote their product and
        services.
      - • Examples of applications in Finance:
        –Online banking
        –Online Investing
        – Personal Finance Software
        
        Online Banking :checkered_flag:
        
        • A system that allows individuals to perform
        banking activities such as bill payment and
        fund transfers through the internet.
        • Benefit:
        – The transactions can be performed faster and with
        greater convenience.
        
        Online Investing :checkered_flag:
        
        • The process by which investors buy and sell
        securities through the Internet.
        • Benefit:
        – Online brokers offer lower fees.
        – Transactions can be performed faster.
        
        Personal Finance Software :checkered_flag:
        
        • special application software that helps
        individuals to manage personal income and
        expenses, and plan family budgets.
        • Benefit:
        – Personal finance can be managed more effectively
    - - • Government use IT to provide society with upto-date
        information and services.
        • Benefits:
        – Enhance the convenience, accessibility, and
        quality of interactions with the public and
        businesses.
        – Modernizing & enhancing its service delivery
      - • Examples of applications:
        – E-Filing - Online system for declaring tax.
        –HRMIS - Online system for updating government
        employees information.
        – E-Penyata Gaji dan Laporan - Online system
        that allow users to view and print pay slip.
    - - • IT is used in health care for various purposes:
        – To maintain and access patients’ records.
        – To monitor patients’ vital signs in hospital rooms.
        – Doctors use email to correspond with patients.
        – Surgeons implant computerized devices, such as
        pacemakers, to improve patients’ health.
      - • Examples of applications:
        – Telemedicine
        – Telesurgery
        –Medical websites
        
        *Telemedicine :checkered_flag:*
        
        • The practice of medicine through the use of all
        forms of data, visual and audio
        communication.
        • Allows doctors in separate locations to
        conduct live conferences on the network and
        enables doctors to carry out tele-consultations
        with patients at different places.
        
        *Telesurgery :checkered_flag:*
        
        • Allows a surgeon to perform an operation on a
        patient who is not located in the same
        physical room as the surgeon.
        • surgeons will direct robots to perform an
        operation via computers connected to a highspeed
        network.
        
        Medical Website :checkered_flag:
        
        • A free Web site that provides consumer health
        information for patients, families, and health
        care providers.
        • Promotes health awareness among people as
        information about health are easily accessible
        on the network.
    - - • All branches of science, from biology to
        astronomy to meteorology, use IT to assist
        them with collecting, analyzing and modeling
        data.
        • Scientists also use the Internet to
        communicate with colleagues around the
        worls.
      - • Applications in Science:
        –Neural network
        – Simulation
        – Tiny Computers
        
        *Neural Network :checkered_flag:*
        
        • A system that attempts to imitate the
        behavior of the human brain.
        • Scientists create neural networks by
        connecting thousands of processors.
        • The capability of a personal computer to
        recognize spoken words is one example of
        neural networks applications.
        
        *Simulation :checkered_flag:*
        
        • Scientists may use computers for simulation of
        complex events.
        • For example, they can use computer
        simulation to predict about the effects of
        earthquake on buildings in a particular area.
        • Computer simulation of such complex events
        will save time as well as cost.
        
        *Tiny Computers :checkered_flag:*
        
        • Tiny computers are embedded into human
        body or organs to enhance health.
        – Cochlear implant helps a deaf person to listen.
        – Electrodes implanted in the brain stop tremors
        caused by Parkinson’s disease.
        – Tiny cameras small enough to swallow (called
        camera pill) take pictures inside human body to
        detect polyps, cancer, and other abnormalities.
    - - • Publishing is the process of making works,
        such as books, magazines, newspapers, music,
        film, and video, available to the public.
        • Authors use special software to develop these
        works.
        • Many publishers make their works available
        online.
      - • Examples of Applications:
        –Digital Newspaper
        –Digital Magazine / e-magazine
        –Digital Book / e-book
        • These applications reduce use of papers and
        provide convenience by allowing people to
        read newspapers, magazines or books online.
    - - • Various IT applications helps in making travel
        more convenient.
        • IT applications make it easier for people to
        plan for vacation and to travel to a
        destination.
      - • Examples of applications:
        –Online Reservation System (for transport or
        accomodation)
        – Car Navigation System (such as GPS or
        waze)
        – Electronic Toll Collection System
      - Online Reservation System :checkered_flag:
        
        • Many websites offer online reservation system
        for people to book for car, flight or hotel.
        • Helps people to plan their vacation or trip
        better
        
        Car Navigation System (GPS) :checkered_flag:
        
        • A system that is available in a vehicle or in a
        mobile device that helps users to track routes
        for specific location.
        • involves the technology of locating, mapping
        and route guidance of vehicles.
        • Makes travelling faster and more convenient.
        
        Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) :checkered_flag:
        
        • A system that aims to eliminate the delay on
        toll roads by collecting tolls electronically.
        • ETC electronically debits the accounts of
        registered car owners without requiring them
        to stop.
        • Makes travelling faster and more convenient.
    - - • Latest technology have help in making
        manufacturing process more effective in order
        to:
        – Reduce product development costs.
        – Shorten a product’s time to market, and
        – Stay ahead of the competition.
      - • Examples of Application:
        – Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
        – Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
        
        Computer-Aided Design (CAD) :checkered_flag:
        
        • the use of computer systems to aid in the
        creation, modification, analysis, or
        optimization of a design.
        • used in automotive, shipbuilding, aerospace,
        and architectural design.
        • helps increase the productivity of the designer
        and improve the quality of design
        
        Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) :checkered_flag:
        
        • The use of computers to assist with
        manufacturing processes such as fabrication
        and assembly.
        • used in many industries such as car
        manufacturing, oil drilling, and microchip
        manufacturing.
        • CAM can speeds up production and provide
        high accuracy in large scale production.
- - - - *Supercomputer :* :red_flag:1
        
        • Description
        – The largest, most expensive, and most powerful
        computer that is used for applications that require
        large amounts of calculations.
        • Physical Size
        – The largest computer; full-room of equipments.
        • Speed
        – Fastest computer; capable to process more than
        one quadrillion instructions per second
        .• Storage
        – Extremely large storage; measured in Petabytes.
        • Usage
        – Used in industrial or scientific areas for complex
        calculations such as to simulate nuclear weapons
        capability and to forecast weather.
      - *Mainframe :red_flag:2*
        
        • Description
        – A large, expensive, powerful computer that can
        handle hundreds or thousands of connected users
        simultaneously.
        • Physical Size
        – Large computer; partial room to full room of
        equipment.
        • Speed
        – Fast computer; capable to process billions of
        instruction per second.
        • Storage
        – Very large storage; measured in Terabytes.
        • Usage
        – Used by large organizations such as hospitals,
        universities, and banks to manage large amount of
        centralized data.
      - *Personal Computer :red_flag:3*
        
        • Description
        – A small, least powerful computer that can perform
        all of its input, processing, output, and storage
        activities by itself.
        • Physical Size
        – Small computer that is usually placed on a desk.
        • Speed
        – Fast but slower than mainframe; speed is
        measured in GHz (Gigahertz)
        .• Storage
        – Medium size storage; measured in Gigabytes or
        Tetabytes.
        • Usage
        – Used mostly by personal users such as office
        workers, lecturers, or students to perform daily
        tasks.
      - Mobile Computer :red_flag:4
        
        • Description
        – A small and portable personal computer that fits
        on a lap or in a hand.
        • Physical Size
        – Small and portable computer that fits on a lap.
        • Speed
        – Fast but slower than mainframe; speed is
        measured in GHz (Gigahertz)
        .• Storage
        – Medium size storage; measured in Gigabytes.
        • Usage
        – Used mostly by personal users such as office
        workers, lecturers, or students to perform daily
        tasks.
        
        Mobile Device
        
        • Description
        – A small and portable device that fits in a hand.
        • Physical Size
        – Small and portable device that fits in a hand.
        • Speed
        – Slower speed; upload speeds of a few hundreds
        Mbps.
        • Storage
        – Limited storage; measured in Gigabytes.
        • Usage
        – Used mostly by personal users for communication
        and personal tasks.
        
        Embedded Computer :red_flag:5
        
        • Description
        – A special-purpose computer that functions as a
        component in a larger product.
        • Physical Size
        – Very small; a tiny chip embedded in bigger device.
        • Usage
        – Perform various specific functions according to
        the devices it is embedded into.