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Concept Map #2: Policing (Chapters 4-6) (Policing: Contemporary Issues…
Concept Map #2: Policing (Chapters 4-6)
Police
Development of Police in U.S.
Frankpledge- System in old English law in which members of a tithing (group of 10 families) pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court
Watch System- Practice of assigning individuals to night observation duty to warn public of fires and crime
Slave Patrols- Distinctively American form of law enforcement in Southern states that sought to control and catch slaves through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans on the roads and elsewhere in public places
Sheriff -Top law enforcement official in county government who was an exceptionally important police official during the country's westward expansion and continues to bear primary responsibility for many local jails
U.S. Marshals - Federal law enforcement officials originally appointed to handle duties in western territories: today bear responsibilities for providing federal court security an apprehending fugitives
Community Policing- Approach to policing that emphasizes close personal contact between police and citizens and the inclusion of citizens in efforts to solve problems, including vandalism, disorder, youth misbehavior, and crime
Problem-oriented Policing- Community police strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and fear of crime itself
Intelligence-led Policing- Approach to policing, in conjunction with concerns about homeland security, that emphasizes gathering and analyzing info. to be shared among agencies in order to develop cooperative efforts to identify, prevent, and solve problems
Watchman Style- Emphasizes order maintenance and tolerates minor violations of law as officers use discretion to handle small infractions informally but make arrests for major violations
Law Enforcement Certification- Preservice training required for sworn officers in many states, which includes coursework on law, psychology, police procedures, and use of weapons
Police Bureaucracy- Organizational description of police departments' design and operations that seek to achieve efficiency through division of labor, chain of command, and rules to guide staff
Subculture-Symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes share by members of a subgroup of the larger society
Working Personality-Set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences
Order Maintenance- Police function of preventing behavior that threatens to disturb or disturbs the public peace or involves face-to-face conflict between 2 or more people.
Legalistic Style- Emphasizes strict enforcement of laws and reduces officers' authority to handle matters informally
Policing: Contemporary Issues & Challenges
Police Corruption- Police officers' violations of law and departmental policy for personal gain or to help their families and friends
Internal Affairs unit-Branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of rules and policies on the part of officers
Civilian Review Board- Citizens' committee formed to investigate complaints against police
CALEA-Nonprofit organization that develops standards for police policies and practice
Section 1983 Lawsuit- Civil lawsuits authorized by a federal statue against state and local officials and local agencies when citizens have evidence that these officials or agencies have violated their federal constitution rights
Evidence-based Policing-Police strategies and deployment of resources developed through examination of research on crime, social problems, and previously used strategies
Reactive-Acting in response to a notification about suspicious activity, a crime, a medical emergency, or other service meeting
Proactive-Acting in anticipation; actively searching for potential offenders without waiting for a crime to be reported
Incident-driven policing-Calls for service are the primary instigators of action
Differential Response- Patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response
CompStat- Approach to crime prevention and police productivity measurement pioneered in NYC and adopted in other cities that involve frequent meetings among police supervisors to examine detailed crime statistics for each precinct and develop immediate approaches and goals for crime prevention and problem solving
Preventive Patrol- Making the police presence known, to deter crime and to enable officers to respond quickly to calls
SROs-Police officers assigned for duty in schools to assist in order maintenance while also developing positive relationships with students, which may assist in delinquency prevention
Aggressive patrol- Maximizes the number of police interventions and observations in the community
Police & Law
Search and Seizure Concepts
Search- Action by law enforcement that intrudes on people's reasonable expectation of privacy
Reasonable Expectations of Privacy- Objective standard developed by courts for determining whether a government intrusion into an individual's property or person constitutes a search because it interferes with the individual's interests that are normally protected from government examination
Plain View Doctrine- Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that's in open view at a location where they're legally permitted to be
Seizure-Situations in which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their property or liberty and that must not be "unreasonable"
Stop- Government officials' interference with an individual's freedom of movement for a duration that typically lasts less than 1 hour and only rarely extends for as long as 7 hours
Reasonable Suspicion- Police officer's belief, based on articulable facts that would be recognized by others in a similar situation, that criminal activity is afoot and necessitates further investigation that will intrude on an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy
Use of Force & 4th Amendment
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)- Deadly force may not be used against an unharmed & fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape & unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of serious injury or death to others or the officer
Warrants & Probable Cause
Probable Cause- Reliable info. indicating that it's more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is guilty of a crime
Affidavit- Written statement of fact, supported by affirmation or oath, submitted ti judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant.
Totality of Circumstances- Flexible test established by Supreme Court for identifying whether probable cause exists that permits the judge to determine whether the available evidence is both reliable and sufficient enough to issue a warrant
Illinois v. Gates (1983)- U.S. Supreme Courts decision that established the flexible "totality of circumstances" test for determining the existence of the probable cause needed for obtaining a search warrant
Exigent Circumstances- When there's an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed, officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure
How concept map #2 relates to concept map #1: One goal of the criminal justice system is to control crime. Police help control crime.
