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Respiration System (Regulation of Breathing (the role of central and…

- - - - Respiratory center of brain stem.
      - Medullary resp center contains 2 groups: ventral resp group in anterior medulla and dorsal resp group in posterior medulla
      - partial resp center in pons also known as pneumotoxic center
      - Brainstem neurons influence resp muscles.
- - - - Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serrotus posterior and superior and contract for deep inspiration.
      - move rib cage superiorly, laterally and anteriorly, increasing volumes.
      - Erector spinae located along length of vertebral columns contract to help lift rib cage
    - - Diaphragm/ external intercostals contract for normal inspiration
      - Diaphragm flattens when it contracts; external intercostals elevate ribs.
      - Muscles relax for expiration
    - - Internal intercoastals, abdominal muscles, transversus moracis, and serratus posterior inferior.
      - Contract during a hard expiration in etc. coughing
      - either pull the rib cage inferiorly, medially, posteriorly, or compress abdominal contents
      - Collectively termed accessory muscles of breathing when paired with the muscles of forced inspiration.
- - - - dissolved in solution
      - buffered with water as carbonic acid
      - bound to proteins, particularly haemoglobin.