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Policing (Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges (Security…
Policing
Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges
Delivery of Police Services
Police Response: officers are proactive and reactive
Patrol Functions
Investigations
Apprehension
Special Operations
Traffic
Vice
Drug Law Enforcement
Civic Accountability
Internal Affairs Units: a branch that investigate complaints against officers
Civilian Review Boards: committee made to investigate complaints against police
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies: Nonprofit, made by major law enforcement to develop standards for officers
Civil Liability Lawsuits
Issues in Patrolling
Assignment of Patrol Personnel
Preventive Patrol
Hot Spots
Foot versus Motorized Patrol
Aggressive Patrol
Community Policing
The Future of Patrol
Use of Force
Corruption: some officers violate laws
Police Abuse of Power: not all are like this
Everyday Action of the Police
Encounters between Police and Citizens
domestic violence and other crimes concerning civilians
Police Discretion: make decisions that they believe are wise or are the best for the public
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Homeland Security
Preparing for Threats
New Laws and Controversies
Security Management and Private Policing
Functions of Security Management and Private Policing
Private Police and Homeland Security
Private Employment of Public Police
The Public-Private Interface
Recruitment and Training
Police
The Development of Police in the US
The English Roots of the American Police
Roots from English tradition of limited authority, local control and fragmented organization
Policing in the US
The Colonial Era and the Early Republic
watch system: Practisce of assigning individuals to night observation duty to warn the public of fires and crime
The Political Era (1840-1920)
A close relationship between political leaders and the police
The Professional Model Era (1920-1970)
Six elements
Police should stay out of politics
Police should be trained, disciplined and organized
Police should enforce laws equally
Police should use-to-date technology
Personnel procedures should be based on merit
Police should focus on fighting crime
The Community Policing Era (1970-Now)
Community policing: emphasizes close personal contact between police and citizens
Problem-oriented policing: strategies in place that focus on solving disorder that may lead to fear of crime or crime itself
The Next Era: Homeland Security? Evidence-Based Policing?
Intelligence-led policing: focus on gathering and analyzing information and sharing with other agencies to develop cooperative efforts to identify, prevent and solve problems
Law Enforcement Agencies
Special Jurisdiction Agencies
Municipal Agencies: enforce law and protect within cities
Native American Tribal Police: treaties
County Agencies: enforce law and protects within the county
State Agencies: enforce law and protect the state
Federal Agencies
FBI: Protect from terrorist, foreign intelligence, cyber attacts, public corruption, civil rights, white collar crime, violent crime, federal crime and national crime organization
Specialization in Federal Law Enforcement:
Who Are the Police?
The Changing Profile of the Police
Minority Police Officers: those of different ethnicity and gender are no longer denied joining
Recruitment: Must have several qualifications and abilities in order to join
The Police Subculture
The Working Personality
Danger: lots of dangerous situations
Authority: there is a distinct hierarchy of command
Job Stress: officers face danger often and therefore are constantly on edge on high alert
External stress
Organizational stress
Personal stress
Operational stress
Police Morality: there is always someone who disagrees with what law enforcement does
Police Isolation: law enforcement is often on the outside of the public
Police Functions
Order Maintenance: the police preventing disturbing or threatening behavior
Law Enforcement: the police controlling crime
Service: the police providing assistance
Implementing the Mandate: catching criminals is the most important job
Organization of the Police
Bureaucratic Elements
Division of Labor: patrol units
Chain and Unity of Command
Chief of Police
Administrative Division
Administrative services
Training, FTO program, police academy, supply
Professional standards
Police attorney, communication officer, planning and research, finance, personnel, police chaplain, director of public safety
Operations Bureau
Special Operations Bureau
Police Policy: there are many policies that officers need to follow
Police and Law
Warrantless Searches
Stop and Frisk on the Streets
Search by Consent
Automobile Searches: probable cause
Questioning Suspects
Mirandia
Rights: required to be read to an arrested person
The Consequences of
Miranda
: Can completely throw off case if not read
Legal Limitations on Police Investigations
Search and Seizure Concepts: there is a fine line when this is implemented and is the number one thing brought to court by the public
Use of Force and the Fourth Amendment
The Concept of Arrest: being stopped by an officer
Warrants and Probable Cause: must be present for search and seizure
The Exclusionary Rule
principle that illegally obtained evidence must be omitted from trial
Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule
"Inevitable Discovery" Rule: would have been discovered eventually
"Good Faith" Exception: a paperwork error