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Respiratory System (Regulation of Breathing (Pathways (Parasympathetic…
Respiratory System
Regulation of Breathing
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Chemoreceptors
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Peripheral
located in carotid and aortic arteries
specialized glomus cells
sense changes in PO2, pH, and PCO2
Hyperventilation
(CO2 < O2) increases the pH, leading to alkalosis
Hypoventilation
(CO2 > O2) decreases the pH, leading to acidosis
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Eupnea
normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate
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Gas Exchange
Partial Pressure
That part of the total pressure generated by oxygen is the 'partial pressure' of oxygen, while that generated by carbon dioxide is the 'partial pressure' of carbon dioxide. A gas's partial pressure, therefore, is a measure of how much of that gas is present
Concentration Gradients
the higher the concentration gradient across the gas-exchanging surface, the faster the rate of diffusion across it
Ventilation of the lungs maintains a concentration gradient of both oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in the alveoli and blood in the adjacent capillaries
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Henry's Law
Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase.
Dalton's Law
states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
Mechanics of Breathing
Muscles Involved
Transverse Abdominus
Deepest of three muscles that form the anterolateral abdominal wall. Compresses the abdominal wall during expiration
Sternocleidomastodeus
Crosses the neck from the sternum to the mastoid process
Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion: Clavicle and sternum
Elevates sternum during inspiration
Serratus Anterior
Covers superior and lateral surface of the rib cage
Origin: superior 8 or 9 ribs
Insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
Elevates ribs during inspiration
Rectus Abdominus
Most external of the three muscles that form the anterolateral abdominal wall
Extends from xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
Compresses abdominal wall during expiration
Pectoralis Major
Muscle that is deep to the pectoralis major on the upper ribs
Origin: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: 3,4,5th ribs
Elevates ribs during inspiratio
Internal Oblique
Middle of three muscles that form the anterolateral abdominal wall
Compresses the abdominal wall during expiration
Internal Intercostals
Occupies deep intercostal space
Origin: superior margin of inferior rib
Insertion: superior margin of inferior rib
Muscle that depresses the ribs in expiration
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External Intercostals
Occupies superficial intercoastal space
Origin: inferior margin of superior rib
Insertion: superior margin of inferior rib
Elevates ribs during inspiration
Diaphragm
Dome-shaped sheet of muscle and connective tissue that separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity
Muscle that is associated with quiet breathing
Muscle that moves inferiorly during inspiration
Muscle that moves superiorly during expiration
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Pressures
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Transpulmonary
Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs.
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