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PWAD 280 (Frye's peace-aggression continuum (war and peace are points…
PWAD 280
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National security state
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Aspects of US security culture formed in retaliation to images of nuclear devastation; militarized civilians through "contemplation of the ruins", Nuclear preparedness program aims for "emotional inoculation"
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Privatization of war, private military contractors
Higher paid, but lower paid foreign workers; foreign workers are subject to abuses
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- retired military personal
- lucrative but dangerous (2.75x more likely to die)
- outside chain of command and most legal jurisdictions
Issues of safety, lack of accountability, legality of military actions, lack of transparency, and selling knowledge and weapons after contract ends
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Violence as a Continuum
Types of Violence: cultural violence, structural violence, and direct violence
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Scale: fist, boot, nuclear missile
Place: home, street, battlefield
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Chimps vs Bonobos
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- Chimps and bonobos are equally genetically related to humans but chimpanzees present a Hobbsian view and bonobos present a Rousseauian view
- puritanical scientists didn't want to publish details of bonobo's sexual behavior
- influenced how we think about human nature!!
-- "Why does violence break out in otherwise peaceful groups?" (Hobbes) rather than "How do groups minimize aggression through care, cooperation, and social cohesion?" (Rousseau)
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Small scale life, social organization, and warfare
Small scale warfare
Limited duration: often episodic of seasonal, focus on raids
Few specialized roles: little hierarchy, few permanent leaders
Few specialized weapons: everyday technology, limited training
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Small scale = less violence?
- debated in literature
- with small raids, fewer are killed, but even though numbers are low percentages may be high
- little evidence
Small scale life: focus on kinship, different ways of rendering descent, varying residence patters, different patterns of relation and obligation
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"Chimpanzee Warfare"
Jane Goodall first observed chimp "warfare", i.e. long term organized violence
questions remain about whether this is normal or aberrant behavior, and examples of this behavior are small
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Geneva Conventions
efforts to alleviate suffering, seek more humane rules for warfare
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Médecins sans Froniére (MSF, Doctors without Borders)
independent alternative to ICRC, represents media say generation of NGOs, response to Biafra NOT POLITICAL
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Militarization
= The contradictory and tense social process in which civil society organizes itself for the production of violence; includes visible and less visible processes; all are complicit
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