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COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES** (Natural Approach (KRASHEN & TERREL (1983),…
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES**
Lexical Approach
LEWIS (1990s)**
Fluency comes from rapid access to chunks
Lexical phrases/chunks (include collocations)
Top-Down approach to language
Grammaticalised lexis not lexicalised grammar
Task-based learning
Collaborative
Origins
Jane & Dave Willis
David Nunan
Output before input, not PPP
Process
Pre-Task (scaffolding)
Task
SS plan a report on their experience
Present report to group
Language analysis w. written record
Dogme
No materials not produced by SS
Personalised, relevant content
Mixed level groups
Origin: Scott Thornbury & Luke Meddings
(Teaching Unplugged)
Focus on emergent lexis/grammar
Content and Language
Integrated Learning
MARSH
Inductive
Integrated skills lessons
Content driven
CUMMINS' 4xC's
Content
Communication
Cognition
BLOOM's Taxonomy
(Adapted by Anderson)
Creating
(designing, planning, creating)
Evaluating
(hypothesise, experiment, judging)
Analysing
(comparing, organising, structuring)
Applying
(implementing, using)
Understanding
(comparing, explaining, classifying,
summarising, exemplifying)
Remembering
(recognising, listing, describing,
naming, defining)
Culture/Citizenship
Natural Approach
KRASHEN & TERREL (1983)
Acquisition Hypothesis
Natural Order Hypothesis
The Monitor Hypothesis
Input Hypothesis
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Language is for communication
Recognises silent period
Low risk
(TPR support, low demand)
Personalised content
L1 accepted, although T in L2
(HOTS)
(LOTS)