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Module 3: How Science Progresses (Theory-Data Cycle) (ATTACHMENT THEORY…
Module 3: How Science Progresses (Theory-Data Cycle)
Thinking systematically about a problem (i.e. Russian Dolls)
ATTACHMENT THEORY (Modern):
Love bond with parents = safe base, self-worth, ideas about relationship
CUPBOARD THEORY (Behaviourist):
Baby's hungry > Mum's breast > Fed > Hunger drive relieved > Baby attaches to Mum's breast (1) and THEN Mum (2); About Food.
CONTACT COMFORT THEORY (Harlow):
Mum = nice, safe feeling of loving + positive interaction for baby
Exp 2:
Diabolical Apparatus (Fear > Contact with Mum changes personality > Threatens diabolical apparatus)
Exp 1:
Cloth = 17-18 hrs, Wire = >1 hr (P: Variable of contact comfort overshadowed other variables - including nursing)
Exp 3:
New/Strange Place > Fear > Cloth Mother > Builds up affection + security > Body relaxes, fear disappears > Monkey can explore; Did NOT choose Wire Mother in isolation.
*Came up with alternate idea about attachment > Tested with 3 different experiments, different predictions + set-ups
T: Contact comfort critical to attachment > H(1): CC = better attachment to Mum than food > H(0): It won't happen > P: If H(1) true, when given choice, baby monkeys will spend more time with Cloth than Wire
THEORY:
Statement(s) that describe the general principle of how variables relate to one another
HYPOTHESIS:
Stating what specific outcome you expect, given that your theory is true (derived from theory) > Right + Wrong (to avoid Conf Bias)
PREDICTION:
Specific ideas about what outcomes you expect to happen in a specific experiment (derived from hypotheses)
DATA:
Set of observations
1. SUPPORTED BY DATA
b. CONVERGING EVIDENCE
(across labs, methodologies) "Culture of Honour Theory" (People in American South [Herders] more aggressive than Northeners [Agriculturist] to being insulted: Due to historical gaining of income > Protect) > History of Slavery (tested: slavery makes no difference) > South is HOT > field experiments, lab experiments >> Replicated same findings with different results = Converging Evidence
a. REPLICATION
> Replication Crisis "File Drawer Problem" Failure to replicate doesn't always mean it's wrong.
2. FALSIFIABLE:
Data the disconfirms your theory
PROVE:
Never 100% prove something (e.g. Karl Popper's Swans). No guarantees, therefore never sure. Even best theories can be disproved at any moment.
NON-FALSIFIABLE:
Freudian theories (unconsciousness), Stanovich's Green Men, Facilitated Communication
3. PARSIMONIOUS:
"All other things being equal, simplest solution is the best one."
Simple = no violations of rules about the world, fewest statements/clauses/laws
Otherwise, choose 'more complex' theory that explains the data