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Module 2 (Police Functions (maintain order (domestic quarrel, noisy party,…
Module 2
Police Functions
maintain order
domestic quarrel, noisy party, drunken behavior
enforce the law
prevent crime
direct traffic
handle accidents
find missing persons
have to decide whether any action should be taken
service: first aid, rescuing animals, helping the disorient, crime prevention
How Concept Map 1 connects to Concept Map 2: Police help reduce crime along with preventing it:
Types of Crime
Transnational
Occupational
Visible
Organized
Political
Cyber
Victimless
Characteristics
Danger
situational awareness
benign can become dangerous quickly
always on high alert; hostile, confrontational
Implicit Bias
attitudes of stereotypes that effect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious manner
Authority
must est. authority
balance between authority and respect
knowing boundaries and how far their authority actually goes
Morality
values that motivate or justifies actions-whether legal or otherwise
upholding laws
protecting soceity
taking bad people off the street
3 dilemmas morality helps overcome
contradiction between the goal of preventing crime and the officer's inability to do so
officers feel that they must use their discretion to handle situations in ways that do no strictly follow procedure
the fact that they invariably act against one citizen's interest
Isolation
encourages by perception that public is hostile towards police officers
us v. them
interaction w/ public is primarily during crisis
difficulty separating work and home
Stress
External: looking @ the "what-if"s; responding to a "man with a gun" situation, produced by real threats and dangers
Personal: social interaction w/n the office, race or gender can conflict with other officer's opinions, social isolation, perceptions of bias
Operational: reflects the total effect of dealing with thieves, derelicts, and the mentally ill; being lied to all the time
Organizational: constant adjustment to changing schedules, irregular work hours and detailed rules and procedures
History of Policing
British Roots: Sir Robert Peel, limited, local and fragmented
started with just night watch
NYC had 1st full time paid force (Political Era)
Watch System: Colonial Era
Political Era
(1842-1920): corruption
start to see full time dedicated police officers
Professional Era
(1920-1970): merit
reformed police: how they were hired, trained and requirements.
Community Era
(1970-present):Community Policing, Problem-Oriented Policing
turns everything back into the community
deal w/ problems locally
using community as police office
Community Policing
(CP): remove watchmen, put police on the ground, get into the community
Problem-Oriented Policing
(P-OP): drunk driving, drug issues, etc. resources go towards the problems occurring
finds out what is exactly prompting citizens to call
Evidence Based Policing:
moving from myths to doing what actually works
Police Wellness
establishing healthy coping mechanisms early in career
shift off the police mindset
mentoring network
stress reduction/wellness program
Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) Programs
Factors to Discretion: police possess the discretion to decide when to stop a driver, to frisk a pedestrian and to make an arrest
nature of crime: less serious, the more it is ignored
relationship between victim and alleged perp: the closer the relationship, the less likely police want to make an arrest
relationship between police and victim/alleged perp: polite complaint will be taken more seriously; don't resist arrest, officers are nicer
race, ethnicity, age, gender, class
departmental policy: following the rules
Operational Units
patrol
preventing crime, catching suspects, mediating quarrels, etc.
investigation
IDs and apprehends suspects, collects evidence against lawbreakers who commit serious crimes
focuses on murder, rape and major robberies
traffic
vice
juvenile
Patrol
the backbone of police operations
Function
answering calls for help
maintaining a police presence
probing suspicious circumstances
apprehension
detect the crime
prelim investigation
follow up investigation
clearance and arrest
3 kinds of special ops units
traffic
vice
drug law enforcement
sometimes, juvenile
Assignments of Patrol
Preventive patrol
help deter crime
Hot spots
where crimes are likely to occur
Foot v. Motorized Patrol
most still done in cars
able to cover more territory with cars
have direct links to criminal databases and headquarters
on foot stay close to daily life
on foot detect criminal activity and apprehend lawbreakers more easily
Aggressive Patrol
string operations, raids on crack homes, tracking of high-risk parolees, encourage programs for people to list their most valuable belongings
Community Policing
involving residents to make their own neighborhoods safer
focusing on community-based crime prevention
changing the focus of patrol activities to nonemergency services
making the police more accountable to the public
decentralizing decision making to include residents
Use of Force
Excessive use of force: using more force than needed in a given situation
Levels of Force
5: deadly force
firearms and strike to vital areas
4: hard techniques
strikes and take downs
3: soft techniques
pepper spray, come along and wrist locks
2: verbal commands
clear and deliberate
1: officer presence
physical appearance, professional bearing
issue of unreasonable seizure
Tennessee v. Garner: may not use deadly force w/ fleeing felon unless poses serious physical threat
Graham v. Connor: objective reasonableness
calls to adopt policies which hold LEOs to advanced standard
Used more frequently when police are dealing with drugs, resisting arrest, mentally ill, alcohol, etc.
allowed to use force to maintain peace, make an arrest, and maintain public order
Police Corruption
Grass Eaters
passive
accept payoffs that police work brings their way
may accept gifts from businesses or take a bribe
Meat Eaters
actively use their power for personal gain
Battling corruption
internal affairs: receives and investigates complaints about officers
civilian reviews: oversee and review how PD handle civilian complaints
accreditation: voluntary, self-evaluation, development of policies to meet the standards, training of officers, helps the public see the department's committment
lawsuits
challenging practice, feel rights have been violated
normally against 4th Amendment right of unreasonable searches and unreasonable seizures
Plain View Doctorine
if something is in plain view, a warrant is not needed to apprehend
visible from position: whether invited to search or not
any person/property: land, home, vehicle
Questioning the Suspect
5th Amendment: protection against self-incrimination
Why do we need this?
people may not know their rights
understand that we HAVE this protection
Miranda v. Arizona
foundation of Escobedo v. Illinois and Massian v. US
Miranda only applies to custodial interrogation
loss of liberty: isloation
6th Amendment: speedy and public trial
8th Amendment: cruel and unusual punishment
Styles of Policing
watchman style: stress order maintenance, tolerate minor offenses, use discretion to handle small infractions
Legalistic Style: emphasis on law enforcement, expected to detain a high proportion of juvenile offenders, act vigorously against illicit enterprises, issue traffic tickets
Service Style: burglaries and assault are taken seriously, minor infractions tend to be dealt with by informal means such as stern warnings
Local Agencis
County Level
Sheriff Department
officer of the court
operate jails
police function in rural areas
Municipal Level
police function w/n city limits
Why become a police officer?
element of service, element of not a typical office job
Initial requirements
resident citizen of US
21 years old
highschool diploma, GED
valid drivers license
pass a drug test
no dishonorable discharge from military
no misdemeanor conviction of domestic violence that has not been es-ponged from record
Discretion
decision making in the moment
based off of: in the moment, prior training, background
Working Personality
set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to their work situation and environmental influences
4th Amendment: Search and Seizure
Search
: looking for and examining of evidence
on person or place
intrudes on reasonable expectation of privacy
Privacy: reasonable in a home, locked drawer, vehicle, council and offender, etc.
police may search via:
w/o warrant
w/ reasonable suspicion you can stop and search someone
search justified by special needs beyond the normal purposes of law enforcement
use of metal detectors
stop and frisk
Terry v. Ohio
search incident to a lawful arrest
exigent circumstances
immediate threat to public safety, or evidence will be destroyed
purpose to find evidence
search by consent
automobile searches
Federal Agencies
FBI, DEA, U.S. Marshall Service, ATF, DHS, Secret Service, TSA, IRS, National Parks Service
State Agencies
highway patrol, State police
focus on area w/o police protection or where local police need assistance
major roadways
drug interdiction
Special Jurisdiction
Native American Tribal Police (NATP), college campuses, county parks, Department of Natural Resources
NATP: 178 departments, localized in high poverty areas.
Seizure
: normally seize property and people
situations in which LEOs use their authority to deprive individuals of their liberty or property and must not be unreasonable in regard to the 4th Amendment
Types
Stop
a temporary detainment that can result in an arrest
LEOs interference w/ individuals' freedom of movement for a duration of up to an hour
Arrest
physically taking a person into custody on grounds that there is reason to believe the individual has committed a criminal offense
The Exclusionary Rule
principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial
Exceptions
a "good faith" exception
US v. Leon
a police acted "in honest reliance on a defective statute, a warrant improperly issued or a consent to search by someone who lacked authority"
"inevitable discovery"
Nix v. Williams
can be used if evidence would later have been inevitably discovered w/o improper action of the police which led to the evidence
Security Management
Private Security
body guard
contracted security management
business: own security force
Why an increase?
need something above and beyond wants existant
increase in workplace crime
increase in fear of crime
fiscal crises of state/local govt
increase awareness of service provision
cost effectiveness
Variety of Functions
data management and protection
emergency management fnc
investigations
patrol
Use of Police Officers
department contract model
contracted by bigger companies through their department
officer contract model
officers find their own side jobs and enter into a contract with the firm directly
union brokerage model
union finds outside employment for officers
Chain of Command: officer, commander, sergeant, lieutenant, captain major, and chief