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Adolescence (Consequences (Anxiety (Brain structures (Striatum (New model)…
Adolescence
Consequences
Sleep delay
Affective disorders
Incease sharply
2 as fast in girls
Sex hormones
Low birth weight
Second window of vulnerability
Oppertunity for early intervention
Extinction or exposure?
Risky behavior
Risk taking
Sensitivity to environmental incentives
Higher with precence of appetitive cues
Ventral striatum
Impulsivity
poor top down cognitive control
Correlated with age
Linear
Ventral medial PFC
Substance abuse
Predicts later dependence
May exacerbate ventral striatum response
Heightened reinforcement of drug
Less sensitive to effects
More sensitive to neurotoxicity
More to positive effects
Frontal impairment before use
Anxiety
Brain structures
Amygdala
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis
Hippocampus
PFC
Striatum
New model
Attention
Threat attention bias
Conditioning/prediction error
Inceased reatctivity to safety and threat signals
Resistance to extinction
Motivation
Motivation to avoid
Overactive striatum
Higer sensitivit to loss
Reward approach system
most sensitive period
Average age of onset 11
mostly females
Sex hormones
Modulate dopamine
Regulate striatal response to reward
Depression
Brain development
Combination of stability and plasticity
sensitive windows
can be reopened
Greater attention/salience of social and emotional information
Social relationships
Identity
Dual process
Increased
Cognitive control
Linear, gradual
Sensation seeking
Early abrupt onset
Development
Striatum develops earlier
#
PFC later
#
Evidence against
Few evidence for real-world behavior
Too simplistic
Overreliance on these models
Depression
Girls more pfc control
Figure 1
Striatum develops first
Then PFC
Motivated behavior
3 systems
Avoidance
Amygdala
Regulation
PFC
Cognitive control
Late dopamine receptor peak
Approach
Ventral striatum
detecting/learning about cues
Early dopamine receptor peak
Extra active
associated with high risk choices
Modulation of cognitive control
change in sensitivity to environment/reward
Presence of peers
Sex differences
Females
Lower sensation seeking
More inhibitory control
faster thinning in ofc
Anxiety and depression
Males
Risky behavior and drugs
Faster thinning dlpfc
Addiction
M
Same if they stop/never start
Hightened sensation seeking
F
Difference between use later
Telescoping
More life stress