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Ecology of the Family (Basic Functions of the Family Systems (Reproduction…

- - - - lower: parents have been found to be more dominant, controlling, and punitive
        
        higher: been found to be more verbal and democratic and to use various techniques.
      - Socialization Theories:
        
        Material, or financial, capital (economic resources)
        
        Material, or financial, capital (economic resources)
        
        .
        Social capital (connections to, and the status and power of, individuals in one’s social network)
      - Religion
      - Ethnic
      - Immigration Policies
- - - - Socialization/education. Child rearing must continue; behavior must be monitored, values and morals imparted.
      - Assignment of social roles/authority. Power for decision making within the family must be allocated and responsibilities for tasks assigned
      - Economic support/domestic responsibilities. The family must obtain enough money to provide for the support of its members. The physical well-being of the children must be provided for, and the residence must be maintained in a safe and healthy manner.
      - Nurturance/emotional support. Caring and involvement toward one another are necessary to provide for the emotional well-being of family members.
      - Effects on Children: Children experience a deep sense of loss, develop divided loyalties, and often feel helpless against forces beyond their control.
        
        Children often exhibit marked changes in behavior, such as acting out, particularly in school. An analysis of academic achievement of high school students showed that those from divorced families had significantly lower achievement levels than those from married families
        
        young children of divorce were found to be more dependent, aggressive, whiny, demanding, unaffectionate, and disobedient than children from married families. They feared abandonment, loss of love, and bodily harm
        
        divorced parents of preschoolers were less consistent in their discipline and less nurturant
        
        communication was not as effective, and parents made fewer demands for mature behavior from their children.
        
        Gender influences the impact of divorce, with research showing that boys are harder hit
        
        many boys have trouble concentrating, do poorly on intelligence tests, and have difficulty with math
        interact aggressively
        with their mothers, their teachers, and boys their own age
        
        more antisocial behavior
    - - Children in a stepfamily may feel abandoned by the noncustodial parent
      - In the early months of remarriage, there is likely to be less family cohesion, more poorly defined family roles and relationships, poorer family communication, less efective problem resolution, less consistency in setting rules, less efective disciplining, and less emotional responsiveness.