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Unit 4 (Ch 38 (19th Century Piano (Tech Improvements (Factory made…

- - - - Home and concert hall
      - Staple of refined education
    - - Function was to dazzle audiences
    - - Factory made
        
        Increased production and reduced cost
      - Improved mechanical action
      - Extended range of notes (5 octaves to 7+)
  - - - Etudes (highly virtuosic study pieces)
      - Character pieces #
        
        Nocturnes, preludes, and dances
    - - Solo piano equivalent to the song
      - Projects melodious and dramatic moods within a compact form
      - Sometimes fanciful titles
      - Short
  - - - Everything must be made to sing
    - - French father, Polish mother
  - - - A mazurka was a lively triple-meter dance with an accent on the second or third beat of the measure
    - - 1833
      - Chromatic, wide ranges
      - Dance like triple meter
      - Expressive depth, rubato
      - Form: A-B-A’ -B -A’ - C -C-D-A Long coda
    - - Trills
      - Second section - less rubato
- - - - Began as Italian opera overtures
        
        3 sections - Fast slow fast
        
        Eventually separate movements
        
        German Symphonists added a number of innovations #
        
        Rocket theme > Quick aggressively rhythmic theme rising from low to high register with high speed
        
        Drawn out crescendos (Steamroller effect) > slowly gathering force as they built to a climax
        
        Dance movement (minuet) added
    - - Four Instrument families
        
        Strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion
        
        30-40 players
        
        String family > heart
        
        Woodwinds > varying colors and assisted the strings, often doubling them
        
        Brass > Sustained harmonies and contributed body to the sound
        
        Timpani > Supplied rhythmic life and vitality
      - Sound better suited for salon than a concert hall
      - Resembled the String quartet
      - Dynamic style of orchestral writing in which all the instruments participated actively and each timbre could be heard
    - - Born in a small Austrian village
      - Style embodies mature classical style
      - England after prince’s death
      - Esterhazy’s Patronage began in 1761
      - Haydn’s Military Symphony
        
        Symphony No. 100
        
        One of the 12 “London” symphonies
        
        Highly imaginative, innovative
        
        Movement 2
        
        Allegretto
        
        C Major
        
        Variation form, combined with ternary (A-B-A’)
        
        Sudden change to the minor in middle section , military introduction to closing coda
        
        Homophonic
        
        Dramatic effects
        
        Contrasts
        
        Daring modulations
        
        Trumpet fanfare
        
        Turkish Military music
        
        Triangle
        
        Cymbals
        
        Bass drum
        
        Bell tree
- - - - Opportunity for individual interpretation
        
        Programmatic
        
        Many though program music was a step backwards from the potential of music to express things beyond words
      - Absolute > without a program, relying entirely on structures of sound for its expression
    - - Melodic lyricism, “singing” melodies
      - Harmony more chromatic, dissonant, and expressive
      - Forms expanded, pieces longer
      - New forms: symphonic poem, choral
      - Nationalism
      - Exoticism
      - Themes
        
        Dreams and Passions
        
        Life and death
        
        Desitny
        
        God and nature
        
        Good vs Evil
    - - Public Concert Halls
      - Larger Orchestra
      - Dynamic range increases
      - Symphonic structure increasing longer and expansive
      - Rise of the Conductor aka “maestro”
      - Rise of Virtuoso performer
    - - Hamburg, Germany
      - Lifelong affection for folk music
      - Hailed by Schumann as future leader of absolute music
        
        Remained close to the Schumann family
      - Began writing symphonies at age 40
      - 4 symphonies, two piano concertos, a violin concerto, chamber music, songs, and choral music.
      - Brahms’s Symphony No. 3 in F major
        
        Aimed to show new and important things but still in the tradition of the classic
        
        3rd Movement - Poco Allegretto
        
        A-B-A’ form
        
        Key
        
        C minor Alternate between major and minor
        
        Chromatic middle section
        
        Syncopation
        
        3 against 2 rhythm patterns
        
        Lyrical
        
        Melancholy
        
        Waltz-like