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Respiratory System (Gas Exchange (Ventilation-perfusion coupling…

- - - - Alveoli of Lungs
        
        external respiration is the exchange of gases with the external environment
      - at the tissues, oxygen released and carbon dioxide is picked up.
      - oxygen is picked/ carbon dioxide is released at the respiratory membrae
  - - - pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gases
    - - in a liquid, dependent on the solubility of the gas in the liquid
  - - - any gas in a mix of gases exerts force as if it were not in a mixture
    - - gas molecules dissolve in a liquid proportional to their partial pressure
  - - - oxygen can easily pass through selectively permeable lung membranes and into the blood
    - - Lower air pressure makes it difficult for oxygen to enter the cardiovascular system
    - - Can cause a decrease in oxygen
        
        leads to Hypobaric Hypoxia
- - - - Blood plasma
        
        dissolved in the blood
      - Biocarbonate
        
        dissolves in plasma
      - Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cell)
        
        Hemoglobin Saturation
    - - majority are carried from lungs to body's tissues by reliance of erythrocyte to bind to the oxygen molecules
        
        metalloprotein, hemoglobin
  - - - involves with the Bicarbonate Buffer System
  - - - Acts as a base to prevent to much acidity within the muscle
- - - - Diaphragm
        
        Relaxed= dome-shaped
        
        Contracted= flattens
      - External Intercostals
        
        Relaxed= superior rib extends inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib
        
        Contracted: elevate the ribs
    - - Superior Located (Thoracic Cavity); Moves rib cage superiorly, laterally, and anteriorly
        
        Pectoralis Minor; Scalenes; Serratus Posterior Superior; Sternocleidomastoid
      - Erector Spinae
        
        located in the vertebral column
        
        assist in lifting the rib cage & the support when you "sit up straight"
    - - Hard Expiration
        
        Pull rib cage inferiorly medially, or posteriorly/ move the diaphragm superiorly into the thoracic cavity; decrease in volum during the quiet expiration
        
        Internal Intercostals; Abdominal Muscles; Transversus Thoracis; Serratus Posterior Inferior
  - - - Normal breathing when at rest.
    - - Occur during excelled exercises or "Holding a long note".
    - - Examples are of blowing up a balloon or coughing.
    - - Atmospheric
        
        amount of force that is exerted by gases within the air of any given surface
      - Intrapulmonary
        
        air within the alveoli
      - Intrapleural
        
        pressure of air within the pleural cavity
      - Transpulmonary
        
        Pressure difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures.
  - - - Decrease in heart function
    - - Reduced stress/ Control exercise and diet
- - - - Medulla monitors pH of CSF
        
        CSF pH changes are caused by changes in blood PCO2
    - - Psychological Stimulus
        
        conscious decision to exercise
      - Stimulus of motor neurons
        
        activated by the involved skeletal muscles
      - Proprioceptors
        
        In musles/ joints/ tendons
        
        stimulate activity in the resp centers
  - - - Medulla senses changes in carbon dioxide and pHlevels in CS of brain
        
        surround the respiratory center and send signals to respiratory center
    - - Carotid and Aortic body are custers made of glomus cells
        
        sense systemic changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH
        
        secrete neurotransmitters to nearby neurons that send signals to resp center in the medulla
  - - - Non-normal rapid breathing
        
        faint/ dizzy/ numbness/ tingling/ cramps/ tetany
    - - breathes to slow
        
        lethargy/ sleepiness/ headaches/ polycythemia/ cyanotic tissues
    - - normal, quiet breathing
        
        average of 12-15 breathes per minute
    - - breathing w/ short quick breathes
        
        dizzy/ faint/ increase heart rate
    - - absence of breathing
        
        voluntarily
        
        swallowing/ holding your breath
        
        drug-induced
        
        neurological disease/ trauma
    - - when exercising; is to meet increased tissue needs
        
        breathing depth increases while h/r remains the same