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UNIT 4 …

- - - - Human Development : Dimension and indicators of Human Development :check:
        
        HEALTH is measured by LIFE EXPECTANCY .
        
        EDUCATION is measured by MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING and EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING
        
        STANDARD OF LIVING is measured by GROSS NATIONAL INCOME
      - United Nations Sustainability Dimensions :check:
        ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
        SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
        ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY
      - Achieving Sustainable Human Development :check:
        HEALTH + HUMAN DEVELOPMENT + SUSTAINABILITY = SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- - - - BILATERAL AID .
        
        "Aid that is given from the governments of one country to ther government of another"
        
        programs range from small community projects such as immunisation to large regional development schemes such as provision of a water treatment plant.
        Majority of Australia's aid predominantly goes toward programs in the Asia-Pacific region.
        Criticism of this aid the donating country my gain benefits to their economy due to giving goods and services coming from the donating county. AND
        Aid (E.g Money) given to the government of another country may not always be used for its intended purposes due to corruption
      - MULTILATERAL AID .
        
        "Aid given by government of many countries and dispensed via international organisations such as UN, World Food Programme and the World Bank"
        
        This aid is for large scale projects therefore promoting sustainable human development
        
        Majority of Australia's multilateral aid predominantly goes toward programs in the Asia - Pacific region
        
        EXAMPLES of Australia providing multilateral aid:
        Australia supports the WFP to fight global hunger and ensuring that everyone has access to food needed for active and healthy life
        Australia contributes to the World Bank who provide micro-finance loans to boost income and establish education/healthcare strategies in developing countries
      - EMERGENCY AID .
        "disaster relief/humanitarian aid" .
        
        "immediate aid provided to countries following an unexpected emergency caused by a natural disaster or large scale human conflict"
        
        Usually provided from a range of sources (GOV, NGOs, WHO and UN)
        
        Supplying clean water, food, clothing, shelter. blankets and medical supplies are examples of emergency aid
        
        This aid is NOT sustainable
      - NGO AID .
        
        "Non profit organisation that work to promote health status and human development"
        
        Not funded by the government, but may work alongside the government to implement specific projects/programs
    - - PRIORITIES for the Australian Government's international aid program :flag-ac:
        
        AGRICULTURAL, FISHERIES, WATER
        
        CAMBODIA: .
        
        Improving the productivity and incomes pf famers in Cambodia's rice based farming systems. Assists in constructing and rehabilitating irrigation schemes and providing access to fertilisers, pesticides and training in modern farming techniques
        
        GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN:
        
        PACIFIC NATIONS .
        
        E.g. Australia-Pacific Women Parliamentarians Partnership program to address the low levels of women representation in Pacific politics
        
        BUILDING RESILIENCE
        
        LIBYA: .
        
        Providing food, shelter, water, sanitation and medical care in response to the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Libya where almost one million were displaced by conflict
        
        EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE:
        Policies, institutions and functioning economies
        
        PAPIA NEW GUINEA .
        
        Supported the PNG election through supporting training and educating workers whilst supported training for women candidates
        
        INFRASTRUCTURE, TRADE FACILITATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS .
        
        VIETNAM:
        
        Providing funding for infrastructure development (E.g road construction) to assist countries with tradingtext
        
        EDUCATION AND HEALTH:
        
        E.g. Contributing funds to the GAVI alliance (multilateral organisation) to fully immunise 7.7 million children in developing against major diseases
      - PRIORITIES OF AUSTRALIA'S AID INITIATIVES
        
        GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN AND GIRLS
        
        EDUCATION AND HEALTH
        
        EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE: policies, institutions and functioning economies
        
        AGRICULTURE FISHERIES AND WATER
        
        BUILDING RESILIENCE: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection
        
        INFRASTRUCTURE, TRADE FACILITATION AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
      - DFAT :black_flag:
        
        OVERVIEW .
        The Department of Foreign and Trade (DFAT) is the Australian Government agency responsible for managing Australia's overseas aid program
        The fundamental purpose of Australia aid is to promote sustainable Human development by working to reduce poverty in developing countries
        DFAT also serves Australia's national interest by promoting stability and prosperity both in our region and beyond.
        DFAT focuses their effort in areas where Australia can make a difference and where their resources can most effectively and efficiently be deployed .
        
        DFAT PROJECTS
        DFAT has implemented a number of projects to address a range of different issues all around the world.
        Such issues DFAT addresses include Education, Gender Equality, Disability, Combatting Disease and improving health, Environmental Sustainability. Climate Change, Regional Stability, Water and Sanitation
        
        Sample :-
        HOW AUSTRALIA IS HELPING WOMEN IN PAPUA NEW GUINA...
        
        Providing better WATER AND SANITATION facilities for girls in schools.
        
        Increasing SUPPORT AND LEGAL REFORMS for victims of sexual violence.
        
        Stocking health centres with ESSENTIAL MEDICINES for pregnant women.
        
        TRAINING MIDWIVES to help reduce maternal mortality rates.
        
        IMPROVING HEALTH SERVICES on Bougainville to halve maternal deaths.
        
        Increasing the number of GIRLS ENROLLING in school by SUBSIDISING SCHOOL FEES.
- - - - United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC )
        
        World Bank
        
        United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP )
        
        World Food Programme
        
        United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF )
        
        UN Women ( UNIFEM )
        
        World Health Organisation
        
        UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR )
        
        United Nations Security Council
        
        United Nations Security Council
  - - - :check: Assist developing countries in times of crises/emergency . :check: UN co-ordinates its response to various crises through all key UN humanitarian bodies such as UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the UN high Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
        :red_flag: Specific examples of how the UN provide humanitarian assistance:
        
        Emergency food and water drops after natural disaster
        
        Providing shelter for displaced humans
    - - :check: Focus of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) with the assistance agencies E.f. UNDP World Bank
        :red_flag: Specific examples of how the UN promote social and economic developments:
        
        UNDP work with other governments to promote employment, trade, education etc.
        
        World Bank works with other governments and businesses to provides loans, education
        
        UN has established programs targeting malnutrition
        
        UNDP provides grants for better infrastructure (E.g healthcare/education)
    - - :check: Main focus of the security council .
        :check: When a decision is made by the security council all member states are expected to respect and support the decision .
        :red_flag:Specific examples of how the UN promote peace and security
        
        Issue a ceasefire
        
        Send peacekeepers to resolve conflict
        
        Establish a blockade
        
        Address hazard left over by conflict (E.g. landmines
    - - :check: "Conditions and entitlements that every human is entitled to"
        :check: When human rights are upheld, people can live to their full potential in accordance with their needs and interests whilst enhancing their capabilities.
        :red_flag: Specific examples of how the UN promote human rights:
        
        Created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
        
        Created the Convention of the Right of Child
        
        UNICEF assists to ensure children rights are upheld by ensuring children receive education, healthcare etc.
        
        UNDP assists with achieving the SDGs
- - - - Social, economic and environmental determinants
        
        Assist with improving governance for health and development
        
        Assist countries in making policies and implementing strategies based on individual needs
        
        Assist with improving access to resources such as water, sanitation, education, employment, food and healthcare
      - Increasing access to medical products
        
        :check: "Improving access to safe, quality, affordable and effective medicines" .
        
        Providing grants for development of products to be made locally
        
        Creating national regulations to increase access to medicines/equipment/technologies
        
        Assisting countries develop an essential medication list
        
        Providing vaccinations to prevent contraction against disease
      - Non-communicable diseases
        
        :check: "Responsible for 16 million premature deaths each year"
        
        Improving access to affordable pharmaceuticals to tackle lifestyle diseases such as CVD
        
        Developing new technoligies for treatment of conditions
        
        Developed the Global Action Plan for the prevention and control of NCSs
      - International health regulations
        
        :check: "Monitoring and tracking the spread of disease .
        
        Tracks the spread of disease to interventions can be put in place (E.g. Ebola outbreak)
      - Health-related Millennium Development Goals
        
        Working to promote universal healthcare and providing access to essential medicines
        
        Developing global strategies as Roll Back Malaria to achieve the MSGs
      - Universal Health Cover
        
        :check: "All people able to obtain the health services regardless of their ability to pay"
        
        Providing funding to train and employ more health workers
        
        Increasing access to medical technology and essential medications
        
        Providing guidelines to allow countries to establish health systems
- - - - :star:Funded in 2002 to support Tabitha Cambodia. Tabitha Cambodia has assisted over 300,000 Cambodia to find dignity, joy and active participation in the community
        
        SAMPLCE PROGRAMS:
        
        MICROBANKING SCHEME
        
        Families savings are collected over a 10week period and after this time, the money is returned with 10% interest
        
        Savings enables families to purchase basic needs. After several cycles, families may be able to purchase items that will allow them to make an income (E.g. chicken/fishing net). This enables them to eventually be able to afford land
        
        COTTAGE INDUSTRY .
        
        Provides employment and good income for women to support their children. Women involved complete a 6 week training course. Employees enjoy good working conditions and fair price for their products. TFA assists with importing these goods to Australia. The income allows women to purchase a sewing machine and continue to produce items that can be sold
        
        HOUSE BUILDING
        
        Work with Tabitha Cambodia and volunteers to build houses for homeless people who can't afford to purchase the basic building materials.
        
        WATER WELLS
        
        Provision of wells enables communities to grow crops all year. Tabitha provides 85% of funds required for development of new wells.Remainder paid by families via the savings program
    - - :star: International humanitarian aid organisation, established in 19887 to fight global poverty. Special focus on working with women and girls to assist with sustainable change ato the community
        CARE works to empower individuals and communities by employing local people to take control ad run long term development projects
        
        PROJECTS IN CAMBODIA .
        
        DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
        
        Works with communities to prepare for and reduce of drought by focusing on agricultural land and water management
        
        DEMINING AND DEVELOPMENT
        
        Works yo clear mines and resettle
        
        FOOD SECURITY
        
        Works to reduce poverty by assisting people improve their farming technique and develop financial skills
        
        EDUCATION
        
        Provision of scholarships to female to encourage to attend school. Also works with sec workers and ethnic minority groups to develop basic literacy and life skills
        
        HEALTH
        
        Provision education programs to focus on safe reproduction and family planing services as well as improving accessibility to quality health services
    - - :star:Australian Red Cross is part of international Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which operates in 186 Countries across the world
        
        Aims to improve the lives of vulnerable people in Australia and internationally by assisting with humanity
        
        Australia Red Cross operates in 20 countries, with main international focus being the Asia-Pacific region (prone to natural disasters and extreme poverty and disadvantage).
        
        RED CROSS OVERSEAS PROJECTS
        
        HIV PREVENTION:
        
        Reduce the spread of HIV, reduce stigma and promote safe behaviour through peer education workshops and training programs
        
        DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: Asia-Pacific
        
        Works with communities in Asia-Pacific to prepare and respond to disasters. Building roads, bridges, floodgates, canals or irrigation could increase preparedness
        
        WATER AND SANITATION
        
        Actively involved in assisting with emergency aid in many places all over the world, including china
        
        SUPPORTING RED CROSS NATIONAL SOCIETIES IN ASIA PACIFIC:
        
        Actively works with other Red Cross Agencies around the world in times of need
    - - :star:Established in 1953, however only called Oxfam Australia since 2005
        Currently runs programs in over 30 countries across South East Asia, Southern Africa, Pacific Region and Indigenous Australia
        Aim ti increase the number of people who have a sustainable livelihood, access to social services, effective voice in decisions, safety from conflict and disaster and equal rights.
        
        OXFAM OVERSEAS PROJECTS .
        
        EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
        
        Provides of water, sanitation, food and health, nutrition advice.
        
        LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
        
        For example in Mozambique Oxfam worked with local organisations to establish irrigation systems which increases potential foe crop growth
        
        CAMPAIGNING FOR A JUST WORLD
        
        Campaigns to address the root causes of poverty and injustice
    - - :star:NGO established in 1966 and it the largest overseas aid and humanitarian organisation
        
        Mission .
        "To be a christian relief, development and advocacy organisation dedicated to working with children, families and children to overcome poverty and injustice."
        Raises funds through:
        
        Child sponsorship
        
        40 hour famine
        
        Emergency relief appeals
        
        Corporate/business support
        
        Also receives funds through:
        
        DFAT
        
        UN Agencies (WFP/UNICEF)
        
        Sample World Vision Program .
        :arrow_right: Food for work programs
        :point_right::skin-tone-6: HOW FOOD FOR WORK PROGRAM PROMOTES GLOBAL HEALTH
        
        Providing food for completing work and development projects may reduce the risk of malnutrition, starvation and nutrient deficiencies, potentially reducing global morbidity rates, positively contributing global health
        
        :point_right::skin-tone-6: HOW FOOD WORK PROGRAM PROMOTES SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
        By having access to quality nutritious foods in exchange for work, individuals are less likely to be malnourished. As a result pf having access to nutritious foods and not being malnourished and individual is more likely to maintain a stable healthy weight, positively improving physical health.
        with improved physical health, they are more likely to live a long and healthy life raising like expectancy and positively impacting the health dimension of human development.
        The skill they gain from the work projects can be hopefully be passed in to current and future generations promoting social sustainability. with physical healthier people due to accessing food people are more likely ti go to work and lead productive and creative lives accordance with their needs and interests, people are also working and earning an income, improving their standard of living, raising GNI and increasing overall human development. with higher average incomes, future generations have more ability to earn income too and improve the economy. thus improving economic sustainability. Overall the food for work program means current and future generations are more likely to experience good health and develop to their full potential and lead productive lives in accordance with their needs and interests, positively contributing sustainable human development
        
        OTHER WORLD VISION OVERSEAS PROJECTS .
        :arrow_right: CHILDREN'S PROGRAM
        
        Providing parents with knowledge about healthy eating/immunisation as well as vocational training, so they have better job prospects
        
        :arrow_right: EDUCATION : SENEGAL
        
        Supporting education and skills training for young women. They learn to read, write, sew and make other craft goods they can sell