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Structure and Function of Living Things: Human Body- The Skeletal System…

- - - - By third grade, students are looking at the human body as a means of protection and an aide for survival. Students are taught the differences between the muscular and skeletal system, and how the skin protects the body as well.
        
        In fifth grade. students learn how the structures and systems of organisms affect human life, further focusing on the protection of the human body. In fifth grade there is a specific emphasis on the human body when looking at systems and structures of support.
        
        In middle school, students break down their knowledge of the support systems in the human body and how they interact to effectively sustain life. Although it does not specifically include the skeletal system, students understand how this system supports all of the others.
        
        In high school, the focus on the body system is in cells. As the basic components of living things, students will discuss cells as a living system and how homeostasis is maintained within the cell.
- - - - Bones continue to repair themselves after adulthood, specifically when fractures occur as well as lifestyle changes.
      - The three cells responsible for development, growth, and remodeling of cells are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
      - Two Types of Ossification
        
        Intramembranous is when sheet-like connective tissue membrane are replaced with bony tissue. This is for bones like the flat ones in the skull and irregular bones.
        
        Endochondral Ossification is when hyaline cartilage is replaced with bony tissue. This is how most of the bones in the body are replaced.
  - - - Classification of Bones (3)
        
        Long Bones are bones that are longer than they are wide, and have two large ends. Examples include the thigh, arm, leg, and forearm.
        
        Flat Bones are thin, flat and usually curved. This bone can be found in the cranium
        
        Irregular Bones are ones that do not fit into the other categories that are mostly spongy with a thin layer of compact bones. Some examples are the vertebrae and some in the skull.
        
        Short Bones are cube shaped with the same dimensions for length and width. examples include the wrist and ankle bones.
      - Bones are made up of minerals, living and nonliving parts, and water. Bones also contain blood and nerves, and they can grow and change.
        
        The outside of bones is covered in a layer called the periosteum which contains living cells, blood vessels, and nerves.
        
        Beneath the periosteum is the compact bone which is extremely hard and is made up of tiny holes.
        
        Bonemarrow is a jellylike substance in the bones which makes red and white bloodcells and platelets.
        
        Inside the compact bone is the lacy network of bone called the cancellous or spongy bone. It is about as strong as the cancellous bone but is much lighter.
- - - - Ligaments join bones with other bones.
        
        Joints are where bones connect to each other.