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Mental Imagery (The imagery debate: some information may be stored as…
Mental Imagery
The imagery debate: some information may be stored as images rather than words. It can be used as a form of processing.
Imagery as an epiphenomenon: People experience the sight of images, however is not stored as an image. Rather the image is a by-product of a memory popping up.
Picture Superiority Effect: When participants were asked to remember a list of words and pictures. Most recalled pictures better than words. People both store the label to the thing to remember and the image of itself. Two pieces of information is stored when looking at the picture, the image and the label. While words only store labels.
Another study showed a list between Concrete words and Abstract words
Concrete__ Abstract
Tree_ Courage
Truck__ Shame
Flower___ Truth
Hat__ Justice
The concrete words had better recall because of being able to form an image of these concrete words. Going back to forming an image and label
Propositional Theory: Imagery is not used as processing in anyway, rather a byproduct of it. A language that the mind uses and has three main parts to this theory. It is not stored as imagery or words rather in a unique form. Everything is stored in one format.
- A subject/agent
- An object/recipient
- Relationship between two elements
For example A cat is an animal
- Cat (member)
- Animal (category)
- Is member of
People shouldn't be able to work with mental images.For example when participants were presented with a picture that is both a rabbit and a duck. There was no reinterpretation of the image to be both a rabbit and a duck. Rather it is using a proposition to state what we see.
- Two long ears
- Left of round face
- Eye in middle of face
The rabbit/duck too complicated as it takes up too my information to try and hold that information in the mind. The new mental image after image has been manipulated can be remembered.
Image Scanning: people were asked to look at an image and recreate it in their head. They were then asked to focus on point on the image and process what is around the focal point, we find it takes longer for the participant to recall information of the image that is further away from the focal point.
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Dual-Code Hypothesis: People can store information's in both verbal information and Images. When both of these ways to encode information is used then people are more likely to remember this information later.
Symbolic Distance Effect:When participants are asked to compare two stimuli, responses are slower for stimuli close to each other on the relevant dimension than for stimuli further apart.
Evidence to say people use visual imagery because it shouldn't have a delay response when asked a mouse is larger than a horse compared to lion is smaller than a horse. The proposition theory can only argue this point if all humans stored the exact size of every animal.
Size in the visual field: Proposition theory couldn't argue the point of why picturing animals next to each other can change how big they might be in the visual field. If we can manipulate how big an animal can be in a visual field, then it argues we can store images in our mind and not propositions.
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