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Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration (Four Stages of Cellular Respiration…
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: Series of chemical reactions that convert energy stored in nutrients into a chemical form.
Glucose+Oxygen-->CO2+H2O+Energy
ATP is generated in two ways
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Phosphate transferred to ADP from enzyme substrate
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Passing electrons along electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor (O2), pumping protons across membrane, and using proton electrochemical gradient to drive synthesis of ATP
Oxidation–Reduction Reaction: Involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactants
NADH and FADH2 are reduced; NAD+ and FAD are oxidized
Four Stages of Cellular Respiration
Citric Acid Cycle
2 Acetyl CoA + H2O + 6 (NAD+) + FAD + 6 ADP + P --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + H2O
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate transported to mitochondrial matrix, converted to Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + H+ + CO2
Glycolysis
Glucose broken down to 2 Pyruvate (3-carbon molecules)
Occurs in 3 phases
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P -----> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+
Oxidative Phosphorylation
NADH + FADH2 + O2 + ADP + P = 32-34 ATP + H2O + (NAD+) + FAD
Four large protein complexes form the electron transport chain
Transport chain moves hydrogen outside mitochondrion membrane; hydrogen comes back in through ATP synthase, provides energy
Oxygen is final electron acceptor
Coenzyme Q (CoQ or ubiquinone) transports electrons
Cytochrome C accepts electrons from CoQ
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: The gradient of protons across a membrane provides a source of potential energy that is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP.