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Toxicity (Neurotoxicity (not important) (Organic solvents (Acute solvent…

- - - - used to degrease, clean and dissolve
    - - absorbed by organs
    - - Light-headedness/dizziness, headache, etc.
        
        change in accessibility of cell membrane
      - Worst consequences
        
        Death, ataxias, epileptic, coma
      - inhibitory effect
    - - Chronic toxic encephalopathy
        
        Symptoms
        
        fatigue, headaches, irritability, depression, mental slowness and memory/concentration problems
        
        Difficult to diagnose
        
        Many overlapping symptoms
        
        Malingering
        
        Influential factors
        
        individual susceptibility, degree of physical exertion at exposure, protection, mixture of toxicants, social-emotional problems, social network
        
        Neuropsychological tests
        
        Psychomotor speed, reaction time,
        attention and memory
        Malingering
        Depression
  - - - Through skin and lungs, or orally
      - During agricultural activities
    - - distorted motor skills
        Decreased intellectual functioning
        Memory problems
    - - Inceased risk of alzheimer, parkinson and mild cognitive impairment
  - - - early symptoms
        
        fatigue, apathy, diminished appetite, pain in joints and bones
      - Continued exposure
        
        sleeplessness, confusion, attention problem
        distal motor polyneuropathy and rarely insults and coma
      - NP defecits
        
        Learning, memory, attention, visual-spatial information processing, psychomotor function
    - - twiching limbs, distorted vision, confused speech, hallucinations
      - early symptoms
        
        diminished feeling in extremities, lips and tongue
  - - - hypoxia in brain
        
        tissue damage
    - - breathing problems
        loss of consciousness
        cognitive disorders
        coma
        death
    - - Epilepsy, extra-pyramidal syndrome, cortical blindness, dementia, behavioral disorders
- - - - depression
- - - - ARBD - WE - KS
    - - permanent
        
        neuronal loss
      - reverable (abstinence)
        
        myelin
    - - mild executive disfunction
      - Explicit memory problems
        
        Encoding problems
  - - - Thiamine deficiency
        
        chronic alchololism
        
        poor nutrition
        
        Parenteral feeding
        
        Underlying mechanism
        
        alcohol interferes with conversion from thiamine to TPP
        
        disrupts carbohydrate metabolism
        
        interrupts crebs cycle
        
        interrupts production/maintenance of myelin
        
        1 more item...
        
        affects neurotransmitter systems (inc. acetylcholine, GABA)
    - - B1
    - - Ocular motor abnomralities
        
        paralyses
        
        rythmic eye movements
      - cerebellar dysfunction
        
        Loss of coordination
      - Altered mental state
        
        apathy, impaired awareness, hallucinations, coma
        
        confabulation
        
        spontaneous
      - Mostly not all symptoms
    - - 20%
        
        death
      - 85%
        
        Korsakoff
  - - - Anterograde amnesia, global
        
        sparing of early memories
        
        more independent of thalamic/medial temporal lobe
        
        temporal gradient
        
        episodic impaired
      - learning new material
      - gait and balance
      - prefronal dysfuction
        
        problem solving, working memory, cognitive flexibility, self regulation
      - Confabulations
        
        false recollections
        
        momentary, provoced
    - - Biological
        
        atrophy of mamillary bodies
        
        Shrinkage of white matter
        
        corpus callosum, vermis
        
        dose effect of alcohol
        
        Lesions around 3 and 4 ventricle
        
        Frontal lobe reduction
        
        thalamic reduction
        
        Cerebellum and pons
      - Increased risk of other psychiatric disorders
      - if abstinent normal life expectancy
    - - alcohol
        
        Mostly following WE
      - presitent vomiting
      - post partum
      - infection
      - toxic poisoning
      - chronic disease
    - - genetics
      - neural/cognitive reserve
      - Nutrition
      - Environment