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Vitamins (Fat soluble (Vitamin A (Retinol (Defiiciency (Cattle (Mild…

- - - - Metabolic functions
        
        Formation and integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes
        
        Retinal function, combines with opsin to form rhodopsin
        
        Bone growth
        
        Immune function
      - Pro-vitamin A: \( \beta \) carotene
        
        Converted to retinol during absorption through the gut wall.
        
        Conversion ability varies with:
        -Age: Young animals poor converters; obtain retinol from milk
        -Species: Cats cannot convert \( \beta \) carotene at all
        -Breed: Channel Island cattle are very poor converters
        -Health: Diseases affecting the gut wall and liver function
      - Sources:
        
        Retinol: Liver, Egg yolk, Milk fat
        \( \beta \) carotene: Plants (grass)
        Retinol-deficient foods:Cereal grains, meat
      - Defiiciency
        
        Cattle
        
        Mild deficiency: Rough scaly skin
        Prolonged deficiency: 'Night blindness', lachrymation, corneal opacity. Infertility, abortion, retained placenta, still-birth
        
        Rare in adults as carotenoids acquired at pasture,
        Intensively reared indoor beef cattle on cereal diets are prone
        
        Dogs and Cats
        
        Can occur if fed all meat diets without liver
        
        Dogs: Scurfy, scaly skin (first sign); 'night blindness'; abnormal skeletal growth.
        Cats: Foetal defects are apparent and complete infertility can result
        
        Poultry
        
        Symptoms appear quickly 2-3 weeks
        Pale comb and wattles, loss of condition, retarded growth, ruffled plumage, general unthriftiness
        Susceptible to infectious diseases
        High mortality rate
        Poultry feeds require Vitamin A supplement
      - Hypervitaminosis A
        
        Dogs and cats
        
        Abnormal bone deposition
        Lameness
        Vertebral spondylosis
        Gingivitis
        Weight loss
        Poor coat
        
        Pigs
        
        Excessive intake in pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets
  - - - 4 related structure collectively termed vitamin D
        
        All steroids qualitatively exhibiting the biological activity of cholecalciferol
      - 2 Most important forms
        
        Ergocalciferol ( \( D_2 \) ), Provitamin: Ergosterol
        
        Cholecalciferol ( \( D_3 \) ), provitamin: 7-dehydrocholesterol
      - Sources:
        
        Sunlight on skin
        Fish (oily)
        Egg yolk
        Hay (sun-dried roughages)
        Colostrum
      - Deficiencies:
        
        Housed animals
        No UV radiation
        Milk
        
        -Rickets, Soft weak deformed bones in young growing animals
        -Osteomalacia in adults (weak bones)
        -Poor egg shell quality and weak bones in poultry
      - Metabolic functions
        
        Promotes Ca\( _2 ^+ \) absorption from digesta in the gut lumen
        
        When blood Ca\( _2 ^+ \) conc. decrease it enhances intestinal absorption of Ca
        
        Stimulates phosphorous uptake from gut and reabsorption of both Ca\( _2 ^+ \) and P from bone and kidney
        i.e. Helps regulate amount of calcium and phosphorous in body
  - - - Sources:
        
        (Little body reserve so dietary intake is important)
        Green fodder (grass, green vegetables)
        Cereals (Barley, maize) but decreases rapidly during storage
      - Metabolic Functions
        
        Biological antioxidant
        Acts in combination with selenium containing enzyme to protect cells from free radicals
        Important for normal reproductive function muscular function and capillary integrity
      - Deficiency
        
        Nutritional myopathy
        Cardiac disease
        Brain damage
        Lameness and muscle stiffness
  - - - Several forms exist, e.g. Phylloquinone, Menaquinone
      - Sources
        
        Green, leafy materials
        Egg yolk, liver and fish
        Gut bacteria synthesise
      - Rapidly destroyed by heat and exposure to sunlight
      - Metabolic functions
        
        Essential for the normal clotting of blood
        Bone and kidney function
      - Deficiency
        
        Unlikely to occur in cattle, horses or pigs
        Usually no dietary requirement for ruminants as microbial population of the rumen can synthesise
        Chicks: Anaemia and delayed clotting
- - - - Pantothenic Acid
    - - Pyridoxine
        
        Deficiency
        
        Rare due to wide distribution in many foods (inc. Milk) and gut microbial synthesis
        
        Chicks: Neural degeneration and jerky gait
    - - Nicotinic Acid / Niacin
    - - Biotin
    - - Riboflavin
        
        Cereals a poor source
        
        Metabolism
        
        Vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H+ transport
        
        Deficiency
        
        Pigs
        
        Poor appetite and growth; skin eruptions; vomiting; eye abnormalities; infertility and abortion
        
        Chicks
        
        'Curled toe paralysis' (neural degeneration, walk on hocks)
        
        Ruminants
        
        Inappetance, diarrhoea, mouth lesions
    - - Folic Acid
    - - Thiamin
        
        Deficiency
        
        Cerebro-Cortical Necrosis (CCN)
        Blindness, Inco-ordination, Staggering gait, Limb extension, Recumbency, Paddling. Death
        
        Progressive dysfunction of nervous system, paralysis, blindness, muscular dysfunction, loss of appetite, emaciation
        
        Ruminant deficiency (rare)
        
        Disturbed rumen microflora -> Bacterial thiaminase breaks down diet/bacterial thiamine
        
        Metabolism: Initiation and propagation of nerve impulses
        
        Uncommon deficiency in ruminants as can by synthesised by gut bacteria
    - - Cyanocobalamin
        
        Chemical Nature: Centered around a cobalt atom
        
        Foods of animal origin are primary nutritional source (liver, meat, milk)
        
        Exclusively microbial in origin (gut flora) as long as cobalt present in diet
        
        Metabolism
        
        Important coenzyme in cellular respiratory pathways
        
        Deficiency
        
        Mostly young animals results in poor growth
  - - - Sources:
        
        Citrus fruits
        Green, leafy vegetables
        Synthetics
      - Metabolic functions
        
        Normal collagen formation
        Metabolic oxidation and reduction pathways
        Iron transport
        Antioxidant
      - Only essential in primates, guinea pigs, fruit bats as other animals synthesise it from glucose
      - Deficiency
        
        Scurvy:
        Muscle and join pain, reluctance/difficulty moving
        Lethargy
        Red dots on skin
        Bleeding and swelling of gums
        Diarrhoea
        Weight loss
        Rough hair coat
        Reduced immune function
  - - - Liver
        Yeasts
        Green foods
        Cereals (+/-)
        Milk (+/-)