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Animals form and function (organ system in mammals (nervous (nervous …
Animals form and function
exchange surface
digestive system; nutrients and feces
stomach
respiratory; exchange gases
lungs
excretory system to eliminate waste from the blood
kidney
Help animal store energy and maintain homeostasis
circulatory'
circulates blood and distributes nutrients and gas
biological macromolecules
monomers
carbs= monosacurides(glucose)
lipids= fatty acid, glycerol
proteins = amino acids
nucleic acids=nucleotides
obtaining nutrients
INGESTION: eating, feeding
mechanisms
filter feeding
straining food from surroundings
bulk
eating relatively large pieces of food
substrate
living on or in what it eats
fluid
sucks fluid from host Ex mosquito
DIGESTION
physical
, chewing
chemica
l, breaking molecules small enough to absorb
intercellular= breaks down inside of cell with hydrolytic enzyme
extracellular= secreting enzymes onto food outside of body
Absorption
cells absorb small molecules like amino acids and simple sugars
elimination
undigested material expelled from body
feces vs. urine
urine= metabolic waste
feces= unused material
Digestive system
mouth
breaks up food particles
stomach
stores and churns food
digest proteins
has acid to make chyme
esophagus
transports food
small intestine
absorbs nutrients and water
duodenum- enzymes breakdown macromolecules, digestive enzymes only activate with food.
large intestine
reabsorbs water and ion
colon
colon moves feces
re absorption of water
no colon = diarrhea
too much work from colon = constipation
appendix- part of immune system in other animals
cecum = fermentation of ingested materials, for animals that eat lots of plants
gale bladder
stores biile
BIle is an emulsifier that makes fats water soluble
chylomicrons- fats surrounded by bile
lacteals = lymphatic vessels that carry fat back to blood
some secrete enzymes
salivary glands
lubricate food
liver
detox and makes bile
pancreas = hormones regulate blood glucose levels, activates production of lumen
biocarbonates neutralize stomach acid
regulates blood sugar with
insulin = stops
gluvogon = releases
rectum and anus
stores and eliminates feces
different animal digestive tracts
platyhelminthes
gasorvascular cavity
Annelida
segmented gut
nematodes
through gut, 2 openings
Cnidaria
gastrovascular cavity, one hole
proifera
uses cells to catch what floats
choanocytes, filter feeders
Mollusca
complete digestive system
arthropoda
has digestive tract with two ends
echinodermata
digestive system with, external stomach
chordata
has complete digestive tract with two ends
Humans
physical digestion
occurs in mouth + stomach
chemical digestion
stomach + microvilli
absorption
small intestine
villi= fingerlike projections on large folds of intestine
microvilli-microscopic projections on villi
lumen space inside intestine
How are fats absorbed?
Biile - coats fats in water soluble solution
fats break into monoglycerides, absorb into epithelial, and combine into glistoral
Definitions
Peristalsis: Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal
Sphincters: at some junctions between specialized compartments, the muscular layer forms ringtike valves
-regulate the passage of material between copartments
Alimentary Canal:1. salivary glands 2. pancreas 3. liver 4. gall bladder
amylase: Hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides & disaccarid (maltose)
Mucus: mix of H2O, salts, cells, and slippery glycoproteins (mucins)
Bolus: the ball your tongue makes of saliva and food
Chyme: churning action of food and gastric juice [(HCL)(protease)] <--produced by 2 cells
Protease: Protein-digesting
Bile: Mix of substances made in the liver (emulsifiers) stored in the gallbladder
Peptidase: breaks down peptides into amino acids
Nuclease: Cleaves the chains of nucleaotides in nucleic acids into smaller units
Lipase: breaks down fats. Produced in pancreas, mouth, stomach
Emulsify: the breakdown of fat globules in the duodeum into tiny droplets that lipase can digest
Adaptations
dental adaptations
flat teeth = herbavore
spikey teeth= carnivore
grinders and bitters = omnivore
organ size
large stomach = carnivore
long stomach= herbivore
mutualistic relationship
fermentation chamber by bacteria
symbiotic 2 different organism where both benefit
Microbiome- digestive bacteria in body
Humans have 10 -100 trillion bacteria inside
essential nutrients
vitamins
organic
small amounts; .01-100 mg per day.
fat soluble and water soluble
assist enzymes
too much can be toxic
minerals
inorganic
not lipid soluble
1-2500 mg per day
building block, and maintains homeostasis
too much can impair health
PROTEIN- amino acids
amino acids that must be obtained from food
fatty acids
needed to synthesize cellular components, aka membrane phosolipids, signaling molecules and storage fats
in animals includes linoleic acids
affect of environment on morphology
environment can make unrelated animals look the same
organ system in mammals
digestive
mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
process food
circulatory
heart, blood, blood vessels
internal distribution of of materials
respiratory
lungs , trachea
gas exchange
immune
defends against infection and cancer
includes, spleen, lymph vessels and nodes, red bone marrow
excretory
eliminate metabolic waste, and regulates osmotic balance in blood
bladder, ureter, kidneys
nervous
coordinates activities
brain, spinal cord, nerves
nervous tissue
receive, process and transmit info
neurons= nerve cells that receives/ transmit nerve impulses
glial cells = support cells, help insulate and replenish and nourish
axon (
long, single
) = conducts nerve impulse away from cell
dendrite
( short and multiple
) = receive nervous impulses from other neurons
Enteric nervous system
section of nervous syste dedicated to digestive organs regulates organ response to food.
integumentary
skins and derivatives( hair, nails, glands)
thermoregulation, and protection
skeletal
bones, tendons and ligaments
body support, and protecting organs
muscular
muscular tissues
skeletal muscle
striated, for voluntary movement
smooth muscle
spindle shaped cells , unvoluntary like heart and digeston
cardiac muscle,
striated and has intercullated disk
locomotion and movement
endocrine
coordinates digestion and metabolism
pituitary gland, pancreas, and adrenals
reproductive
ovaries and testies
make offspring
epithelial tissues
lines organs and covers bpdy
cuboidal tissue
disc shaped specialize in secretion
kidney tubules and glands
secretion
simple columnar
brick shaped and simple
secretion and active absorption EX, intestines
simple squamous epithelium
thin and leaky, allows exchange of materials
lungs and blood vessels, and air sacs
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells varying in height , has ciliated cells
lines portion of respiratory tracts
stratified squamous
multilayered, regenerates rapidly found in outer mouth and anus and vagina
apical-- top surface
basal surface- replaces cells, bottom
connective tissues
loose connective tissue
holds organs in place
areolar
has 3 fibers elastic, collagenous, reticular
fiberous connective tissue
tendons attaching muscle to bone
ligaments connecting bones to joints
adipose tissue
L. Conn stores fat in adipose cell,
pads and insulates
stores fuel
cartilage
strong and flexible, in disc btw vertebrea
chodrocytes - secrete collagen and sulfate making cartilage strong and flexible
nose, ears, vertebrae btw disks
blood
has red blood cells, erythrocytes = O2 carrier
white leukocytes= defense
platelets= clotting
plasma matrix
bone
skeleton of most vertebrea, mineralized conn, tissue
osteoblast = one forming cells
units of bone = osteons
all have extracellular matrix
controlling temp
conformers vs. regulators
regulator = regulates and manipulates internal environment when outside changes
conformer= regulates internal enviroment with outside
endothermic animal
warm from heat generated by metabolism
ectothermic
warm by external source
poikilotherm
animal who's temp varies with environment
Homeotherm
organism that's temp is constant
tranfer of heat
radiation
taking heat from sun or object much warmer
evaporation
removing heat from surface through water
convection
moving heat through air or heat or liquid
conduction
direct transfer of heat through objects toughing each other
animal insulation
fur, feathers, fat and blubber
polar bears have white fur to absorb more heat
goosebumps= vestige of hair raising from ancestor
vasoconstriction vs vasodilation
Vasocon= reducing heat and blood flow by decreasing size of superficial vessels
vasodilation= widening superficial vessels
counter exchange= transfer of materials from opposite blood vessels
behavior response
adjusting body position to direct heat/ light transfer aka dragonfly
brown fat in mammals keeps them warm
snake shakes to keep eggs warm
body heat is form metabolic activity
measurement = joules, calories, kilocalories
SMR = metabolic rate of fasting ectotherm at particular temperature
BMR= minimum basil metabolic rate in endotherm at rest and empty stomach.
smaller size = faster BMR = more energy
energy conservation
torpor = reducing activity to save energy
hibernation =long term torpor during winter cold temp
estivation = summer time hibernation
feedback systems
Positive- increases stimulus
helps drive process to completion
EX- childbirth, orgasm and diabetes
negative feedback system
stops or reduces stimulus
shivering, sweating
parts of a feedback system
stimulus, receptor, control center, and response
storing energy
cells need glucose all the time for cellular respiration
energy is stored as glycogen in muscles and liver
stored as fat when you dont exercise
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